Are genes faster than crabs? Mitochondrial introgression exceeds larval dispersal during population expansion of the invasive crab Carcinus maenas

Biological invasions offer unique opportunities to investigate evolutionary dynamics at the peripheries of expanding populations. Here, we examine genetic patterns associated with admixture between two distinct invasive lineages of the European green crab, Carcinus maenas L., independently introduced to the northwest Atlantic. Previous investigations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences demonstrated that larval dispersal driven by advective currents could explain observed southward displacement of an admixture zone between the two invasions. Comparison of published mitochondrial results with new nuclear data from nine microsatellite loci, however, reveals striking discordance in their introgression patterns. Specifically, introgression of mitochondrial genomes relative to nuclear background suggests that demographic processes such as sex-biased reproductive dynamics and population size imbalances—and not solely larval dispersal—play an important role in driving the evolution of the genetic cline. In particular, the unpredicted introgression of mitochondrial alleles against the direction of mean larval dispersal in the region is consistent with recent models invoking similar demographic processes to explain movements of genes into invading populations. These observations have important implications for understanding historical shifts in C. maenas range limits, and more generally for inferences of larval dispersal based on genetic data

Search for heavy resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons in final states containing four b quarks

A search is presented for narrow heavy resonances X decaying into pairs of Higgs bosons (H) in proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The search considers HH resonances with masses between 1 and 3 TeV, having final states of two b quark pairs. Each Higgs boson is produced with large momentum, and the hadronization products of the pair of b quarks can usually be reconstructed as single large jets. The background from multijet and t (t) over bar events is significantly reduced by applying requirements related to the flavor of the jet, its mass, and its substructure. The signal would be identified as a peak on top of the dijet invariant mass spectrum of the remaining background events. No evidence is observed for such a signal. Upper limits obtained at 95 confidence level for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction sigma(gg -> X) B(X -> HH -> b (b) over barb (b) over bar) range from 10 to 1.5 fb for the mass of X from 1.15 to 2.0 TeV, significantly extending previous searches. For a warped extra dimension theory with amass scale Lambda(R) = 1 TeV, the data exclude radion scalar masses between 1.15 and 1.55 TeV

Measurement of the top quark mass using charged particles in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV

Peer reviewe

Host Constraints on the Post-glacial Migration History of the Parasitic Plant, Epifagus Virginiana

<p>Because species respond individually to climate change, understanding community assembly requires examination of multiple species from a diversity of forest niches. I present the post-glacial phylogeographic history of an understory, parasitic herb (<italic>Epifagus virginiana</italic>, beechdrop) that has an obligate and host specific relationship with a common eastern North American hardwood tree (<italic>Fagus grandifolia</italic>, American beech). The migration histories of the host and parasite are compared to elucidate potential limits on the parasite's range and to understand their responses to shared climate change. Two chloroplast DNA regions were sequenced and 9 microsatellite loci genotyped from parasite specimens collected throughout the host's range. These data were compared with available cpDNA sequences from the host (McLachlan et al. 2005) and host fossil pollen records from the last 21,000 years (Williams et al. 2004). Analyses of genetic diversity reveal high population differentiation in the parasite's southern range, a possible result of long term isolation within multiple southern glacial refuges. Estimates of migration rates and divergence times using Bayesian coalescent methods show the parasite initiating its post-glacial range expansion by migrating northward into the northeast from southern areas, then westward into the midwest, a pattern consistent with the development of high density beech forests. This result is strongly confirmed through spatial linear regression models, which show host density plays a significant role in structuring parasite populations, while the initial migration routes of the host are irrelevant to parasite colonization patterns. Host density is then used as a proxy for the parasite's habitat quality in an effort to identify the geographic locations of its migration corridors. Habitat cost models are parameterized through use of the parasite's genetic data, and landscape path analyses based on the habitat map show a major migration corridor south of the Great Lakes connecting the northeast and midwest. Host density was the major determinant controlling the parasite's range expansion, suggesting a lag time between host and parasite colonization of new territory. Parasites and other highly specialized species may generally migrate slower due to their complex landscape requirements, resulting in disassociation of forest assemblages during these times. From these results, the low migration capacities of highly specialized species may be insufficient to outrun extirpation from their current ranges.</p>Dissertatio

Disentangling geographical, biotic, and abiotic drivers of plant diversity in neotropical <i>Ruellia</i> (Acanthaceae)

<div><p>It has long been hypothesized that biotic interactions are important drivers of biodiversity evolution, yet such interactions have been relatively less studied than abiotic factors owing to the inherent complexity in and the number of types of such interactions. Amongst the most prominent of biotic interactions worldwide are those between plants and pollinators. In the Neotropics, the most biodiverse region on Earth, hummingbird and bee pollination have contributed substantially to plant fitness. Using comparative methods, we test the macroevolutionary consequences of bird and bee pollination within a species rich lineage of flowering plants: <i>Ruellia</i>. We additionally explore impacts of species occupancy of ever-wet rainforests vs. dry ecosystems including cerrado and seasonally dry tropical forests. We compared outcomes based on two different methods of model selection: a traditional approach that utilizes a series of transitive likelihood ratio tests as well as a weighted model averaging approach. Analyses yield evidence for increased net diversification rates among Neotropical <i>Ruellia</i> (compared to Paleotropical lineages) as well as among hummingbird-adapted species. In contrast, we recovered no evidence of higher diversification rates among either bee- or non-bee-adapted lineages and no evidence for higher rates among wet or dry habitat lineages. Understanding fully the factors that have contributed to biases in biodiversity across the planet will ultimately depend upon incorporating knowledge of biotic interactions as well as connecting microevolutionary processes to macroevolutionary patterns.</p></div

Repeated instances in which standing taxonomic diversity in the Neotropics far exceeds standing diversity in the Paleotropics, per given monophyletic lineage within Acanthaceae.

<p>The # of species column refers to the number sampled or studied in the references cited column rather than the actual number of extant species in this lineage.</p

Maximum clade credibility phylogeny for relationships among species of <i>Ruellia</i>.

<p>Colored boxes show each taxon’s character states: bird-adapted (red), bee-adapted (blue), wet forest inhabiting (purple), and New World residency (green). The two vertical lines demarcate the crown age for the oldest hummingbird (<i>R</i>. <i>fulgens</i>; Guiana Shield; red) and the oldest bee (<i>R</i>. <i>alboviolacea</i>; Mexico; blue) lineage among Neotropical <i>Ruellia</i>; both date to ~5.8 Ma. Photos are examples of bird (red, yellow, and pink-flowered) and bee-adapted (purple flowered) species of <i>Ruellia</i>. From top to bottom: <i>R</i>. <i>patula</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>insignis</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>elegans</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>galeottii</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>speciosa</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>lantanoglandulosa</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>maya</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>affinis</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>pittieri</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>haenkeana</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>matudae</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>pearcei</i>. Phylogeny is reprinted from Tripp & McDade (2014) under a CC BY license, with permission from <i>Aliso</i>, original copyright in 2014.</p

Diversification models used to understand the evolution of pollination syndromes (bird and bee), habitat shifts (wet or seasonally dry forests), and transitions across continents (old world to new world) in <i>Ruellia</i>.

<p>λ = speciation rate; μ = extinction rate; q = transition rate. State 1 is for bird or bee pollinated, wet forest, and new world; state 0 is non-bird or non-bee pollinated, seasonally dry forest, and old world. In bold are the lnLik of the best models according to likelihood ratio tests and wAIC scores greater than 0.1.</p

Rates of evolution of different trait classes among species of <i>Ruellia</i>.

<p>Speciation (λ), extinction (μ), transition (q), and net diversification (λ-μ) rate distributions are shown for each trait. (A) Parameter distributions from the weighted average of all the models tested for each dataset. (B) Parameter distributions of only the best model for each dataset. All models are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0176021#pone.0176021.s002" target="_blank">S1</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0176021#pone.0176021.s005" target="_blank">S4</a> Figs. The bird and bee datasets were rerun on 100 randomly chosen trees from the Bayesian posterior distribution. The 90% confidence intervals resulting from those runs are shown via dashed lines with corresponding colors.</p