51 research outputs found

    Diversité, biogéographie et écologie des Collodaires (Radiolaires) dans l'océan mondial

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    Collodaria (Radiolaria) are unicellular marine eukaryotes (protists) belonging to the super-group Rhizaria. Collodarian species contribute to planktonic communities as large solitary cells or can form large gelatinous colonies. They are heterotrophic organisms feeding on other plankton, which also systematically harbour intracellular symbiotic microalgae. Recent environmental molecular diversity surveys demonstrated their important contribution to planktonic communities and their worldwide occurrence in the global ocean. However, knowledge on their diversity, biogeography and ecology is paradoxically very poor. In the first part of this thesis I performed detailed morphological analyses (electron and optical microscopy) combined with a molecular phylogeny based on the 18S and 28S rRNA genes, sequencing for a total of 75 distinct colonial and solitary specimens. Ultimately, this work led to the revision of the Collodaria classification and to the construction of a robust morpho-molecular reference database. Then, this morpho-molecular framework allowed the exploration of Collodaria biodiversity through a metabarcoding approach across samples collected in the global ocean during the Tara Ocean expedition. The cosmopolitan distribution of the different collodarian taxa in the surface oceans revealed a higher biodiversity in the vast oligotrophic inter-tropical open oceans. Collosphaeridae were predominantly found in the open oceans while the Sphaerozoidae were the dominant family in the less diverse coastal regions. The newly defined Collophidiidae were rarely encountered in the photic zones at all latitudes, suggesting that they inhabit a different ecological niche. Finally, I also used the in situ imaging system Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) to quantitatively explore the abundances and biomasses of collodarian and rhizarian in the global ocean. This approach revealed that the Rhizaria were a major component of the meso- and macro-plankton, constituting up to 4.5% of the global carbon standing stock in the upper 200 m of the world oceans. More specifically, Collodaria were the most important rhizarian groups in the first 100 m of the oceans, and their distribution suggested that photosymbiosis might be an important factor explaining their success in oligotrophic regions where they are particularly abundant. Besides the improvement of our knowledge on the diversity, biogeography and ecology of Collodaria in the global ocean, this thesis highlights the relevance to combine and/or use alternative sampling and analytical procedures such as high-throughput sequencing and in situ imaging technologies to study marine protists in their environment.Les Collodaires (Radiolaires) sont des eucaryotes unicellulaires (protistes) marins appartenant au super-groupe des Rhizaria. Tandis que certains sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par un mode de vie colonial, d’autres sont observĂ©s sous la forme de larges organismes solitaires. Les Collodaires sont des protistes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, prĂ©dateurs de plancton, mais Ă©galement hĂŽtes systĂ©matiques de micro-algues photosynthĂ©tiques intracellulaires. Les rĂ©centes analyses de leur diversitĂ© molĂ©culaire dans l’environnement ont dĂ©montrĂ© leur importante contribution aux communautĂ©s planctoniques ainsi que leur distribution globale dans l’ocĂ©an mondial. Cependant, nos connaissances sur leur diversitĂ©, biogĂ©ographie et Ă©cologie restent paradoxalement parcellaires. La premiĂšre partie de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©diĂ©e Ă  des Ă©tudes morphologiques dĂ©taillĂ©es (en microscopie Ă©lectronique et optique) et combinĂ©es Ă  une phylogĂ©nie molĂ©culaire Ă©laborĂ©e en sĂ©quençant les sous-unitĂ©s 18S et 28S de l’ADN ribosomal pour 75 spĂ©cimens, coloniaux ou solitaires. Ce travail a abouti Ă  la rĂ©Ă©valuation de la classification des Collodaires et Ă  l’élaboration d’une base de rĂ©fĂ©rence morpho-molĂ©culaire robuste. Par la suite, ce cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence morpho-molĂ©culaire a permis d’explorer la biodiversitĂ© des Collodaires grĂące Ă  une approche de metabarcoding appliquĂ©e Ă  une sĂ©rie d’échantillons collectĂ©s dans l’ocĂ©an mondial pendant l’ExpĂ©dition Tara OcĂ©ans. La distribution cosmopolite Ă  la surface des ocĂ©ans des diffĂ©rents taxons qui composent les Collodaires, a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une diversitĂ© plus importante dans les vastes rĂ©gions ocĂ©aniques intertropicales et oligotrophiques. Les Collosphaeridae ont Ă©tĂ© principalement observĂ©s en pleine mer alors que les Sphaerozoidae formaient la famille dominante dans les rĂ©gions cĂŽtiĂšres, oĂč la biodiversitĂ© des Collodaires Ă©tait plus faible. Les Collophidiidae, formellement dĂ©crits au cours de thĂšse, ont rarement Ă©tĂ© rencontrĂ©s dans les zones photiques, quelque que soit la latitude, suggĂ©rant ainsi qu’ils occupent une niche Ă©cologique particuliĂšre. Enfin, j’ai Ă©galement employĂ© la technologie d’imagerie in situ Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) afin d’explorer de façon quantitative les abondances et biomasses des Collodaires et des Rhizaria, Ă  travers l’ocĂ©an mondial. Cette approche a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les Rhizaria forment un composant majeur du mĂ©so- et macro-plancton, et reprĂ©sentent jusqu’à 4,5% de la biomasse globale des 200 premiers mĂštres de l’ocĂ©an mondial. Plus particuliĂšrement dans les 100 premiers mĂštres, les Collodaires constituent le groupe le plus important des Rhizaria et leur distribution suggĂšre que la photosymbiose pourrait influencer leur succĂšs dans les rĂ©gions oligotrophiques oĂč ils sont particuliĂšrement abondants. Au-delĂ  d’amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension de la diversitĂ©, la biogĂ©ographie et l’écologie des Collodaires dans l’ocĂ©an mondial, ce travail de thĂšse souligne la pertinence de combiner et d’utiliser des approches alternatives d’échantillonnage et d’analyses tel que le sĂ©quençage haut-dĂ©bit et l’imagerie in situ dans l’étude des protistes marins dans leur environnement

    A Morpho-molecular Perspective on the Diversity and Evolution of Spumellaria (Radiolaria)

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    Spumellaria (Radiolaria, Rhizaria) are holoplanktonic amoeboid protists, ubiquitous and abundant in the global ocean. Their silicified skeleton preserves very well in sediments, displaying an excellent fossil record extremely valuable for paleo-environmental reconstruction studies, from where most of their extant diversity and ecology have been inferred. This study represents a comprehensive classification of Spumellaria based on the combination of ribosomal taxonomic marker genes (rDNA) and morphological characteristics. In contrast to established taxonomic knowledge, we demonstrate that symmetry of the skeleton takes more importance than internal structures at high classification ranks. Such reconsideration allows gathering different morphologies with concentric structure and spherical or radial symmetry believed to belong to other Radiolaria orders from the fossil record, as for some Entactinaria families. Our calibrated molecular clock dates the origin of Spumellaria in the middle Cambrian (ca. 515 Ma), among the first radiolarian representatives in the fossil record. This study allows a direct connection between living specimens and extinct morphologies from the Cambrian, bringing both a standpoint for future molecular environmental surveys and a better understanding for paleo-environmental reconstruction analysis. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbHThis work was supported by the IMPEKAB ANR 15-CE02-0011 grant and the Brittany Region ARED C16 1520A01, the Japan Society for Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant No. K16K0-74750 for N. Suzuki and "the Cooperative Research Project with the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France) "Morphomolecular Diversity Assessment of Ecologically, Evolutionary, and Geo-logically Relevant Marine Plankton (Radiolaria) ". We are grateful to the CNRS-Sorbonne University ABiMS bioinformatics platform (http://abims.sbroscoff.fr) for providing computational resources. The authors are grateful to the MOOSE observation national network (funded by CNRS-INSU and Research Infrastructure ILICO) which sustain the annual ship-based hydrographic sections in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (MOOSEGE) , as well as John Dolan for hosting us multiple times at the Laboratoire d'Oceanographie of Villefranche sur Mer. We are greatly thankful to Cedric Berney for the phylogenetic advice and the valuable help on the interpretation of the "symbiotic" clade, as well as Vasily Zlatogursky for his contributions and feed-back on the heliozoan-like organism

    In situ imaging reveals the biomass of giant protists in the global ocean

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    International audiencePlanktonic organisms play crucial roles in oceanic food webs and global biogeochemical cycles1, 2. Most of our knowledge about the ecological impact of large zooplankton stems from research on abundant and robust crustaceans, and in particular copepods3, 4. A number of the other organisms that comprise planktonic communities are fragile, and therefore hard to sample and quantify, meaning that their abundances and effects on oceanic ecosystems are poorly understood. Here, using data from a worldwide in situ imaging survey of plankton larger than 600 Όm, we show that a substantial part of the biomass of this size fraction consists of giant protists belonging to the Rhizaria, a super-group of mostly fragile unicellular marine organisms that includes the taxa Phaeodaria and Radiolaria (for example, orders Collodaria and Acantharia). Globally, we estimate that rhizarians in the top 200 m of world oceans represent a standing stock of 0.089 Pg carbon, equivalent to 5.2% of the total oceanic biota carbon reservoir5. In the vast oligotrophic intertropical open oceans, rhizarian biomass is estimated to be equivalent to that of all other mesozooplankton (plankton in the size range 0.2–20 mm). The photosymbiotic association of many rhizarians with microalgae may be an important factor in explaining their distribution. The previously overlooked importance of these giant protists across the widest ecosystem on the planet6 changes our understanding of marine planktonic ecosystems

    Global Distribution of Zooplankton Biomass Estimated by In Situ Imaging and Machine Learning

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    Zooplankton plays a major role in ocean food webs and biogeochemical cycles, and provides major ecosystem services as a main driver of the biological carbon pump and in sustaining fish communities. Zooplankton is also sensitive to its environment and reacts to its changes. To better understand the importance of zooplankton, and to inform prognostic models that try to represent them, spatially-resolved biomass estimates of key plankton taxa are desirable. In this study we predict, for the first time, the global biomass distribution of 19 zooplankton taxa (1-50 mm Equivalent Spherical Diameter) using observations with the Underwater Vision Profiler 5, a quantitative in situ imaging instrument. After classification of 466,872 organisms from more than 3,549 profiles (0-500 m) obtained between 2008 and 2019 throughout the globe, we estimated their individual biovolumes and converted them to biomass using taxa-specific conversion factors. We then associated these biomass estimates with climatologies of environmental variables (temperature, salinity, oxygen, etc.), to build habitat models using boosted regression trees. The results reveal maximal zooplankton biomass values around 60 degrees N and 55 degrees S as well as minimal values around the oceanic gyres. An increased zooplankton biomass is also predicted for the equator. Global integrated biomass (0-500 m) was estimated at 0.403 PgC. It was largely dominated by Copepoda (35.7%, mostly in polar regions), followed by Eumalacostraca (26.6%) Rhizaria (16.4%, mostly in the intertropical convergence zone). The machine learning approach used here is sensitive to the size of the training set and generates reliable predictions for abundant groups such as Copepoda (R2 approximate to 20-66%) but not for rare ones (Ctenophora, Cnidaria, R2 < 5%). Still, this study offers a first protocol to estimate global, spatially resolved zooplankton biomass and community composition from in situ imaging observations of individual organisms. The underlying dataset covers a period of 10 years while approaches that rely on net samples utilized datasets gathered since the 1960s. Increased use of digital imaging approaches should enable us to obtain zooplankton biomass distribution estimates at basin to global scales in shorter time frames in the future

    Community-Level Responses to Iron Availability in Open Ocean Plankton Ecosystems

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    Predicting responses of plankton to variations in essential nutrients is hampered by limited in situ measurements, a poor understanding of community composition, and the lack of reference gene catalogs for key taxa. Iron is a key driver of plankton dynamics and, therefore, of global biogeochemical cycles and climate. To assess the impact of iron availability on plankton communities, we explored the comprehensive bio-oceanographic and bio-omics data sets from Tara Oceans in the context of the iron products from two state-of-the-art global scale biogeochemical models. We obtained novel information about adaptation and acclimation toward iron in a range of phytoplankton, including picocyanobacteria and diatoms, and identified whole subcommunities covarying with iron. Many of the observed global patterns were recapitulated in the Marquesas archipelago, where frequent plankton blooms are believed to be caused by natural iron fertilization, although they are not captured in large-scale biogeochemical models. This work provides a proof of concept that integrative analyses, spanning from genes to ecosystems and viruses to zooplankton, can disentangle the complexity of plankton communities and can lead to more accurate formulations of resource bioavailability in biogeochemical models, thus improving our understanding of plankton resilience in a changing environment

    Machine learning techniques to characterize functional traits of plankton from image data

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    Plankton imaging systems supported by automated classification and analysis have improved ecologists' ability to observe aquatic ecosystems. Today, we are on the cusp of reliably tracking plankton populations with a suite of lab-based and in situ tools, collecting imaging data at unprecedentedly fine spatial and temporal scales. But these data have potential well beyond examining the abundances of different taxa; the individual images themselves contain a wealth of information on functional traits. Here, we outline traits that could be measured from image data, suggest machine learning and computer vision approaches to extract functional trait information from the images, and discuss promising avenues for novel studies. The approaches we discuss are data agnostic and are broadly applicable to imagery of other aquatic or terrestrial organisms

    Diversity, biogeography and ecology of the Collodaria (Radiolaria) in the global ocean

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    Les Collodaires (Radiolaires) sont des eucaryotes unicellulaires (protistes) marins appartenant au super-groupe des Rhizaria. Tandis que certains sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par un mode de vie colonial, d’autres sont observĂ©s sous la forme de larges organismes solitaires. Les Collodaires sont des protistes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, prĂ©dateurs de plancton, mais Ă©galement hĂŽtes systĂ©matiques de micro-algues photosynthĂ©tiques intracellulaires. Les rĂ©centes analyses de leur diversitĂ© molĂ©culaire dans l’environnement ont dĂ©montrĂ© leur importante contribution aux communautĂ©s planctoniques ainsi que leur distribution globale dans l’ocĂ©an mondial. Cependant, nos connaissances sur leur diversitĂ©, biogĂ©ographie et Ă©cologie restent paradoxalement parcellaires. La premiĂšre partie de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©diĂ©e Ă  des Ă©tudes morphologiques dĂ©taillĂ©es (en microscopie Ă©lectronique et optique) et combinĂ©es Ă  une phylogĂ©nie molĂ©culaire Ă©laborĂ©e en sĂ©quençant les sous-unitĂ©s 18S et 28S de l’ADN ribosomal pour 75 spĂ©cimens, coloniaux ou solitaires. Ce travail a abouti Ă  la rĂ©Ă©valuation de la classification des Collodaires et Ă  l’élaboration d’une base de rĂ©fĂ©rence morpho-molĂ©culaire robuste. Par la suite, ce cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence morpho-molĂ©culaire a permis d’explorer la biodiversitĂ© des Collodaires grĂące Ă  une approche de metabarcoding appliquĂ©e Ă  une sĂ©rie d’échantillons collectĂ©s dans l’ocĂ©an mondial pendant l’ExpĂ©dition Tara OcĂ©ans. La distribution cosmopolite Ă  la surface des ocĂ©ans des diffĂ©rents taxons qui composent les Collodaires, a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une diversitĂ© plus importante dans les vastes rĂ©gions ocĂ©aniques intertropicales et oligotrophiques. Les Collosphaeridae ont Ă©tĂ© principalement observĂ©s en pleine mer alors que les Sphaerozoidae formaient la famille dominante dans les rĂ©gions cĂŽtiĂšres, oĂč la biodiversitĂ© des Collodaires Ă©tait plus faible. Les Collophidiidae, formellement dĂ©crits au cours de thĂšse, ont rarement Ă©tĂ© rencontrĂ©s dans les zones photiques, quelque que soit la latitude, suggĂ©rant ainsi qu’ils occupent une niche Ă©cologique particuliĂšre. Enfin, j’ai Ă©galement employĂ© la technologie d’imagerie in situ Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) afin d’explorer de façon quantitative les abondances et biomasses des Collodaires et des Rhizaria, Ă  travers l’ocĂ©an mondial. Cette approche a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les Rhizaria forment un composant majeur du mĂ©so- et macro-plancton, et reprĂ©sentent jusqu’à 4,5% de la biomasse globale des 200 premiers mĂštres de l’ocĂ©an mondial. Plus particuliĂšrement dans les 100 premiers mĂštres, les Collodaires constituent le groupe le plus important des Rhizaria et leur distribution suggĂšre que la photosymbiose pourrait influencer leur succĂšs dans les rĂ©gions oligotrophiques oĂč ils sont particuliĂšrement abondants. Au-delĂ  d’amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension de la diversitĂ©, la biogĂ©ographie et l’écologie des Collodaires dans l’ocĂ©an mondial, ce travail de thĂšse souligne la pertinence de combiner et d’utiliser des approches alternatives d’échantillonnage et d’analyses tel que le sĂ©quençage haut-dĂ©bit et l’imagerie in situ dans l’étude des protistes marins dans leur environnement.Collodaria (Radiolaria) are unicellular marine eukaryotes (protists) belonging to the super-group Rhizaria. Collodarian species contribute to planktonic communities as large solitary cells or can form large gelatinous colonies. They are heterotrophic organisms feeding on other plankton, which also systematically harbour intracellular symbiotic microalgae. Recent environmental molecular diversity surveys demonstrated their important contribution to planktonic communities and their worldwide occurrence in the global ocean. However, knowledge on their diversity, biogeography and ecology is paradoxically very poor. In the first part of this thesis I performed detailed morphological analyses (electron and optical microscopy) combined with a molecular phylogeny based on the 18S and 28S rRNA genes, sequencing for a total of 75 distinct colonial and solitary specimens. Ultimately, this work led to the revision of the Collodaria classification and to the construction of a robust morpho-molecular reference database. Then, this morpho-molecular framework allowed the exploration of Collodaria biodiversity through a metabarcoding approach across samples collected in the global ocean during the Tara Ocean expedition. The cosmopolitan distribution of the different collodarian taxa in the surface oceans revealed a higher biodiversity in the vast oligotrophic inter-tropical open oceans. Collosphaeridae were predominantly found in the open oceans while the Sphaerozoidae were the dominant family in the less diverse coastal regions. The newly defined Collophidiidae were rarely encountered in the photic zones at all latitudes, suggesting that they inhabit a different ecological niche. Finally, I also used the in situ imaging system Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) to quantitatively explore the abundances and biomasses of collodarian and rhizarian in the global ocean. This approach revealed that the Rhizaria were a major component of the meso- and macro-plankton, constituting up to 4.5% of the global carbon standing stock in the upper 200 m of the world oceans. More specifically, Collodaria were the most important rhizarian groups in the first 100 m of the oceans, and their distribution suggested that photosymbiosis might be an important factor explaining their success in oligotrophic regions where they are particularly abundant. Besides the improvement of our knowledge on the diversity, biogeography and ecology of Collodaria in the global ocean, this thesis highlights the relevance to combine and/or use alternative sampling and analytical procedures such as high-throughput sequencing and in situ imaging technologies to study marine protists in their environment

    Les Rhizaires : organismes non-modĂšles pour l’étude, Ă  partir de donnĂ©es d’imagerie in situ, de l’écologie planctonique et des cycles biogĂ©ochimiques

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    Les grands cycles biogĂ©ochimiques sont intimement liĂ©s Ă  la capacitĂ© de biominĂ©ralisation de plusieurs grandes lignĂ©es, capables de moduler sur des Ă©chelles gĂ©ologiques le cycle de certains Ă©lĂ©ments comme le carbone et le silicium. Parmi ces lignĂ©es, les Rhizaires, des unicellulaires eucaryotes, compte parmi les plus anciens biominĂ©ralisateurs connus Ă  ce jour. Au sein des sous-groupes de Rhizaires, le silicium (plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment l’opale, la forme amorphe hydratĂ©e de la silice) reste le biominĂ©ral le plus commun. Paradoxalement, malgrĂ© leur rĂŽle prĂ©pondĂ©rant dans les palĂ©oenvironnements, leur rĂŽle dans les cycles modernes reste largement mĂ©connu. Ce manque de connaissance est la consĂ©quence de notre incapacitĂ© Ă  maintenir ces organismes en culture, mais Ă©galement la grande fragilitĂ© de leur squelette. Afin de pallier ces limitations, l’utilisation de l’imagerie in situ s’est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e ĂȘtre particuliĂšrement adaptĂ©e Ă  l’étude de ces organismes, dont la taille couvre un large spectre (50 Ă  5 000 ”m). C’est dans ce contexte que se placent la plupart de mes recherches, passĂ©es et actuelles, ayant pour but d’apporter de nouveaux Ă©lĂ©ments permettant enfin de quantifier le rĂŽle de ces organismes dans les ocĂ©ans modernes. L’utilisation de l’imagerie in situ a ainsi permis de quantifier leur distribution verticale, mettant en avant une dichotomie entre les Rhizaires mixotrophes dominant les couches superficielles des ocĂ©ans, et les dĂ©tritivores dominant l’ocĂ©an profond. À eux seuls, ils reprĂ©senteraient globalement un tiers des abondances de zooplancton (>600 ”m). En parallĂšle, grĂące Ă  la mise au point de techniques de single-cell, nous avons pu Ă©tablir des allomĂ©tries permettant de prĂ©dire leurs biomasses carbonĂ©es et silicifiĂ©es. L’application de ces allomĂ©tries aux donnĂ©es d’imagerie in situ a, par la suite, permis de quantifier globalement leurs stocks carbonĂ©s et silicifiĂ©s. Ainsi, dans l’ocĂ©an profond, les Rhizaires reprĂ©sentent un stock consĂ©quent de silice qui est unique aux communautĂ©s planctoniques dans la mesure oĂč ils sont la seule source de production de silice dans ces eaux profondes. En consĂ©quence, lĂ  oĂč les diatomĂ©es et les Ă©ponges dominent le cycle du silicium dans l’ocĂ©an de surface et de fond, il apparaĂźt aujourd’hui que les Rhizaires jouent un rĂŽle central dans les couches profondes. NĂ©anmoins, le rĂŽle des Rhizaires ne se limite pas au silicium. En effet, nous avons Ă©galement rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les Rhizaires dĂ©tritivores (qui se nourrissent des flux d’export de carbone vers le fond) pourraient intercepter 5 Ă  10% de ces flux globaux. Cette contribution, jamais quantifiĂ©e, est unique dans la mesure oĂč elle est rĂ©alisĂ©e par des organismes unicellulaires. Les Rhizaires seraient donc en mesure de moduler deux des grands cycles biogĂ©ochimiques, Ă  des Ă©chelles jamais soupçonnĂ©es. Cette importance semble, aujourd’hui, encore ĂȘtre plus marquĂ©e dans l’ocĂ©an austral oĂč les stocks de Rhizaires atteignent leurs maximums. NĂ©anmoins, il n’existe aucune Ă©tude intĂ©grative sur le rĂŽle de ces organismes dans cet ocĂ©an qui constitue l’un des puits majeurs pour les Ă©missions de carbone anthropogĂ©nique. Ainsi, je conclurai cette soutenance en prĂ©sentant les prĂ©mices du projet Rhizaires austral ayant pour but de dĂ©terminer leur rĂŽle et leur devenir dans cet ocĂ©an emblĂ©matique
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