Interactions Between Diabetes And Covid-19: A Scoping Review

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic that started in March 2020 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus introduced an incredible number of unknowns that ongoing research aims to investigate. One such unknown is the relationship between diabetes and COVID-19. Existing literature has identified diabetes as a risk factor for poor health outcomes in COVID-19 patients, however, other information is limited and inconclusive. Objective: There are two primary goals of this scoping review. First, to consolidate existing literature about both associations between COVID-19 and diabetes, and the biological mechanisms of how diabetes and COVID-19 may interact. This includes consolidating information about diabetes as a risk factor for contracting COVID-19, diabetes as a risk factor for poor health outcomes in those infected with COVID-19, diabetic management during social distancing, long-term symptoms in diabetic patients previously infected with COVID-19, and the potential for new-onset diabetes as a long-term impact of COVID-19 infection. The second goal of the review is to identify current gaps in knowledge and research. Methods: Literature was selected from PubMed using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. After the selection process, the remaining literature was summarized and information from all of the literature reviewed was categorized based on the theme. Results: The initial searches yielded 428 results, and after filtering based on the criteria, there were 95 results remaining. After reviewing the abstracts for the 95 results, 13 articles were ultimately selected to be included in the scoping review based on relevancy to diabetes and COVID-19. Conclusion: There is insufficient research to draw any definitive conclusions about whether diabetes is a risk factor for contracting COVID-19. Diabetes is a risk factor for poor health outcomes including hospitalization and mortality for those infected with COVID-19. Poorer diabetes management during social distancing may have reduced glycemic control among diabetic patients. There is a potential risk of developing new-onset Type 1 diabetes after COVID-19 infection. Existing literature has primarily focused on diabetes as a risk factor for poor health outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and the biological mechanisms of how diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 interact. Further research should be conducted to learn more about diabetes as a risk factor for contracting COVID-19, diabetes self-management during social distancing, and long-term symptoms of patients with diabetes

Heavy Water Concentration Measurement in Air

The heavy water in PHWRs flows at high temperature and pressure, hence leaks in the heat transport system are not uncommon. The loss of heavy water due to such leaks can lead to spreading of radioactivity and it also contributes to operating cost of the nuclear reactor. It is advantageous to detect small leaks, because if remains undetected, they may develop into a severe leak, which may lead to reactor shutdown. None of the sensors which are currently in use can meet all the requirement of high sensitivity, and real time measurement which is free from interference from other gamma emitters. We have developed a trace HDO detector using OA-ICOS technique which is based on laser absorption spectroscopy. In this technique high sensitivity is achieved by trapping the light in an optical cavity. Here, the mode noise associated with the optical cavity is the major source of noise. This has been successfully overcome by using cavity length dithering. The demonstrated setup has achieved the sensitivity of 45 ppbv in air with averaging. This sensitivity in HDO concentration measurement in air is sufficient for the application in PHWR heavy water leak detection system

Discussions on Medical Education in Istanbul Serı̇rı̇yat and an Attempt to Translate Psychiatry Terms With an Old Method: Lütfü Akı̇f Orbay’s Old-Style Medical Dictionary

Batının tıp alanında kaydettiği gelişmeler Osmanlı tıp eğitim sistemine aktarılırken; yeni tıp biliminin gelişim sürecinde Batı dilleri kullanılmak mecburiyetinde kalınmıştır. İlk zamanlar Fransızca olan tıp eğitim dili, yol açtığı öğrenme güçlükleri ve millî duygular sebebiyle eleştirilmiştir. Tıp eğitiminin anadil ile öğrenilmesini mümkün kılmak için yapılan çalışmalarla, aksini savunan karşıt düşünceler, ilim ve siyaset alanlarında tartışmalara sebebiyet vermiştir. Tıp eğitim dilinin Türkçeleştirilmesi aşamasında tıp terminolojisi de ayrıca sorun teşkil etmiştir. Bu hususlar, ülkemizde psikiyatrinin kurucusu sayılan Mazhar Osman’ın 1919-1951 yılları arasında aylık yayınladığı ‘‘İstanbul Seririyatı’’ dergisindeki makalelere konu olmuştur. Bu inceleme; Ahmet Mithat Efendi’den Mazhar Osman’a tıp eğitim dili tartışmaları ve İstanbul Seririyatı dergisi çevresinde önerilen tıp terimlerini ele almaktadır. Ayrıca İstanbul Seririyatı dergilerinde yer alan Lütfü Akif Orbay’ın psikiyatri sözlük denemesine yer verilmiştir.While the developments of the West in the field of medicine were transferred to the Ottoman medical education system; Western languages had to be used in the develop ment process of the new medical science. The language of medical education, which was French at first, was criticized for the learning difficulties and national feelings it caused. The efforts to make it possible for medical education to be learned in native language and the contrary opinions advocating the opposite have led to debates in the fields of science and politics. Medical terminology also posed a problem in the process of translating the medical education language into Turkish. These issues have been the subject of articles in the journal “İstanbul Seririyat”, published monthly between 1919-1951 by Mazhar Osman, considered the founder of psychiatry in our country. The subject of this review contains medical education language issues and medical literature topics discussed in the İstanbul Seririyatı journal. In addition, Lütfü Akif Orbay’s psychiatry dictionary essay, which was published in “Istanbul Seririyatı” journals, is included

A Novel pH-dependent Drift Improvement Method for Zirconium Dioxide Gated pH-Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistors

A novel compensation method for Zirconium dioxide gated Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) to improve pH-dependent drift was demonstrated. Through the sequential measurements for both the n-channel and p-channel ISFETs, 75–100% pH-dependent drift could be successfully suppressed for the first seven hours. As a result, a nearly constant drift rate versus pH value was obtained, which increases the accuracy of pH measurements. Meanwhile, the drawback of the hyperbolic-like change with time of the common drift behavior for ISFETs was improved. A state-of-the-art integrated scheme adopting this method was also illustrated

Radiation hardness qualification of PbWO4 scintillation crystals for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

This is the Pre-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 IOPEnsuring the radiation hardness of PbWO4 crystals was one of the main priorities during the construction of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at CERN. The production on an industrial scale of radiation hard crystals and their certification over a period of several years represented a difficult challenge both for CMS and for the crystal suppliers. The present article reviews the related scientific and technological problems encountered

Intercalibration of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at start-up

Calibration of the relative response of the individual channels of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS detector was accomplished, before installation, with cosmic ray muons and test beams. One fourth of the calorimeter was exposed to a beam of high energy electrons and the relative calibration of the channels, the intercalibration, was found to be reproducible to a precision of about 0.3%. Additionally, data were collected with cosmic rays for the entire ECAL barrel during the commissioning phase. By comparing the intercalibration constants obtained with the electron beam data with those from the cosmic ray data, it is demonstrated that the latter provide an intercalibration precision of 1.5% over most of the barrel ECAL. The best intercalibration precision is expected to come from the analysis of events collected in situ during the LHC operation. Using data collected with both electrons and pion beams, several aspects of the intercalibration procedures based on electrons or neutral pions were investigated

Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report Volume 2: The Physics Program for DUNE at LBNF

The Physics Program for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Fermilab Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) is described

Compressed representation of a partially defined integer function over multiple arguments

In OLAP (OnLine Analitical Processing) data are analysed in an n-dimensional cube. The cube may be represented as a partially defined function over n arguments. Considering that often the function is not defined everywhere, we ask: is there a known way of representing the function or the points in which it is defined, in a more compact manner than the trivial one

Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns