El caos petrolero en los años ochenta: ¿Hacia un nuevo contexto de lucha?

En materia de petroleo, el contrataque que la OPEP está llevando para recuperar su control sobre el mercado y, a la larga sobre las ganancias y el plustrabajo petrolero creado, significa actualmente la profundización de esa guerra declarada que en todos los terrenos el mundo desarrollado ha llevado a cabo contra ese organismo tercermundista. La que tiene su expresión más clara en el denominado choque de los precios", en cuyo enfrentamiento la OPEP ha perdido muchas batallas en lo que va de la década mas no la guerra

Semblanza del maestro Arturo Bonilla Sánchez. Luchador social, brillante académico y gran amigo

De sus casi ocho décadas de vida (1933-2012), el maestro Bonilla dedicó 48 años apasionadamente a la docencia, la investigación, el propio desarrollo intelectual, así como la difusión y debate de sus ideas económicas, políticas y sociales en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), otros centros de enseñanza y diversos lugares donde discutió con entusiasmo temas de gran actualidad nacional y mundial

Petróleo mexicano: de la expropiación al auge y su crisis. Lo "negro" del "oro negro"

El trabajo inicia con las características de la expropiación de los bienes de las compañías concesionadas para la explotación del petróleo con un contenido de carácter nacionalista. Continúa su exposición sobre el auge petrolero que se dio en los setentas y la ventaja que significó para el país, convirtiéndose la actividad petrolera en el pivote del crecimiento económico. En el presente, ante la incapacidad de un aprovechamiento real, esta condición arroja resultados adversos sujetos a la crisis energética: Una mayor dependencia económica, financiera y tecnológica, más aún, cultural e ideológica, esto es, el lado negro del auge petrolero

Situación internacional del petróleo en los años ochenta

Los primeros años de la década de los ochentas marcan una tercera fase de la denominada "crisis energética", en la cual la evolución de la industria petrolera mundial cae en uno de sus más graves desajustes, resultado en parte de la caótica recesión económico-inflacionaria, así como de las diversas presiones de que fueron objeto los principales países exportadores de petróleo, en particular los agrupados en la OPEP que además tuvieron que remontar las contradicciones internas consustanciales a dicho organismo. Así pues, los resultados relativos de esa etapa se revirtieron en especial contra los países subdesarrollados exportadores de hidrocarburos

Momento Económico (36)

Temas de hoy. 2, La expropiación petrolera como parte de un proceso mundial. Ángel Bassols Batalla. 3/ ¿De quién es el petróleo mexicano? Benito Rey Romay. 5/ A cincuenta años de la expropiación petrolera: historia y problemas Fausto Burgueño y Genoveva Roldán, 10/ El petróleo mexicano y su entorno internacional Ramón Martínez Escamilla. 12/ Petroleo mexicano de la expropiación al auge y su crisis. Sergio Suárez Guevara. 15

Momento Económico (46)

En este número Momento político: La ofensiva conservadora y la nueva Ley Federal del trabajo, Víctor M. Bemal Sahagún 2. ¿De cuál desarrollo y de cuáles regiones se trata en el Plan Nacional?, Angel Bassols Batalla 3. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 1989-1 994, Luis Fuentes Aguilar 10. Fernando Carmona de la Peña: Maestro emérito, Benito Rey Romay 12. José Luis Ceceiía Camez, Maestro emérito, Alma Chapoy Bonifaz y Salvador Martínez Della Roca 13. La deuda externa del llamado Tercer Mundo y la paz, Ramón Matínez Escamilla 14. Cananea: entre la quiebra y la privatización otro golpe a los trabajadores, José Casca Zamora 17. Paraestatales: Telmex y Pemex, Arturo Bonilla y Sergio Suárez Guevara 20. Los verdaderos alcances de la renegociación de la deuda externa de México, José Lorenzo Santos Valle 22. Indicadores económicos: México balance económico de los sectores primer semestre de 1989, Clara Eugenia Aranda 25. Temas de hoy José Antonio Moreno 32

México: Pasado, presente y futuro Del proteccionismo a la integración / Apertura y crisis de la economía Tomo II

La presente obra no se limita al estudio del surgimiento y evolución de la crisis económica que se inicia a finales de 1994, sino que profundiza en el comportamiento tendencial de las leyes que han caracterizado al sistema económico mexicano en las últimas cinco décadas, con el ánimo de encontrar las causas estructurales que permitan hacer un diagnóstico científico de la compleja situación actual, lo cual crea las condiciones óptimas para elaborar propuestas viables en materia de política económica que permitan lograr el tan ansiado desarrollo económico. Los participantes enfrentaron un reto de enormes proporciones, pues se evalúa una economía que además de tener una seria problemática en cuanto al financiamiento del desarrollo y un cuantioso déficit en la cuenta corriente, enfrenta una crisis estructural del modelo aplicado desde hace más de una década, así como de las políticas económicas adoptadas que no han logrado configurar un esquema de desarrollo que permita aminorar los profundos desequilibrios sectoriales, regionales y distributivos que aquejan a la sociedad mexicana; situación que no puede disociarse de la cada vez mayor internacionalización e integración que se vive en el plano mundial y de la que no escapa nuestro país. Diversos esfuerzos académicos y sociales han demostrado que no es factible sostener que sólo existe una salida a la crisis mexicana. Ésta es una aportación más a la intensa discusión y al debate que existen en la sociedad mexicana

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Population-based multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain): rationale and study design

Introduction: We present the protocol of a large population-based case-control study of 5 common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain) that evaluates environmental exposures and genetic factors. Methods: Between 2008-2013, 10,183 persons aged 20-85 years were enrolled in 23 hospitals and primary care centres in 12 Spanish provinces including 1,115 cases of a new diagnosis of prostate cancer, 1,750 of breast cancer, 2,171 of colorectal cancer, 492 of gastro-oesophageal cancer, 554 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 4,101 population-based controls matched by frequency to cases by age, sex and region of residence. Participation rates ranged from 57% (stomach cancer) to 87% (CLL cases) and from 30% to 77% in controls. Participants completed a face-to-face computerized interview on sociodemographic factors, environmental exposures, occupation, medication, lifestyle, and personal and family medical history. In addition, participants completed a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire and telephone interviews. Blood samples were collected from 76% of participants while saliva samples were collected in CLL cases and participants refusing blood extractions. Clinical information was recorded for cases and paraffin blocks and/or fresh tumor samples are available in most collaborating hospitals. Genotyping was done through an exome array enriched with genetic markers in specific pathways. Multiple analyses are planned to assess the association of environmental, personal and genetic risk factors for each tumor and to identify pleiotropic effects. Discussion: This study, conducted within the Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), is a unique initiative to evaluate etiological factors for common cancers and will promote cancer research and prevention in Spain.The study was partially funded by the “Accion Transversal del Cancer”, approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER (PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773, PS09/01286, PS09/01903, PS09/02078, PS09/01662, PI11/01403, PI11/01889, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150), by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API 10/09), by the ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL, by the Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2), by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (PI-0571), by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (AP 061/10), by the Recercaixa (2010ACUP 00310), by the Regional Government of the Basque Country by European Commission grants FOOD-CT- 2006-036224-HIWATE, by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation, by the The Catalan Government DURSI grant 2009SGR1489

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701