Enigmatic *-nt-Stems : an investigation of the secondary -t- of the Greek neuter nouns in *-men- and *-r/n-

Résumé Cette étude vise l’explication de l’origine du -t- secondaire qui s’insère en grec ancien au thème oblique des neutres du type πρᾶγμα, πράγματος et ἧπαρ, ἥπατος. Après une courte exposition des données grecques, et du contexte indo-européen, les hypothèses déjà proposées sont évaluées, démarche qui nécessite une exposition de l’éventuel suffixe *-mentom, des thèmes animés en -n- dotés d’un élargissement ou d’un suffixe -t-, du suffixe ablatif en -tos, du -t- final de certains neutres *r/n-sanscrits, de l’« ergatif » hittite et de l’apophonie des participes en -nt. Certaines questions phonologiques font également l’objet de développements. La plupart des hypothèses déjà formulées pour expliquer les données grecques datent du dix-neuvième siècle; celles-ci sont réévaluées à la lumière de travaux plus récents, notamment sur les classes apophoniques du proto-indo-européen. Sont également prises en compte certaines hypothèses du vingt-et-unième siècle, selon lesquelles les données grecques relèvent d’un problème plus large du proto-indo-européen. Le présent mémoire ne cherche pas à expliquer l’origine de la flexion *-r/n- ni du suffixe *-nt- du proto-indo-européen. L’auteure se contente de démontrer que la plupart des phénomènes dans d’autres langues, y compris le proto-indo-européen, ne peuvent être directement liés à la situation grecque. Elle conclut que la meilleure explication de la flexion grecque suppose une refonte analogique. Ont servi de modèle les formes neutres du participe actif athématique ainsi que les adjectifs en *-nt- (surtout ceux en *-went-).This paper aims to provide an explanation of the secondary -t- found in the oblique stem of ancient Greek neuters such as πρᾶγμα, πράγματος and ἧπαρ, ἥπατος. After a brief overview of the Greek data, and a survey of the relevant nominal classes in Greek and Indo- European, previous hypotheses are evaluated. To this end, several problems of nominal morphology are discussed, including the existence of a PIE suffix *-m(e)ntom, the secondary -t-s of certain animate nouns, the ablatival suffix *-tos, the Hittite ergative; and the ablaut of neuter active participles. Certain phonological issues are also addressed. Since the majority of hypotheses formulated to explain the secondary -nt- inflection of Greek neuters date from the nineteenth century, attempts are made to re-evaluate their conclusions in the light of more recent research, particularly that related to ablaut classes. Also considered are a number of twenty-first century works which purport to explain the Greek data as part of a larger Indo- European phenomenon. This paper makes no attempt, however, to explain the PIE origins of either the *r/n-, or of the *nt- stems. It concludes that the best explanation of the Greek declensional pattern is to be found in the analogy between stems in -nt- and those in *-mn- or *-r/n-

Establishing a high risk CKD cohort: cross-sectional analysis and early outcomes

Introduction Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are at increased risk of both cardiovascular disease and progression to end-stage kidney disease; our understanding of the factors that determine these poor outcomes is incomplete. The study reported in this thesis has been designed to address some of these shortfalls. Methods I established a prospective, observational cohort study of patients with high risk CKD as defined by i) declining kidney function and/or ii) proteinuria and/or iii) advanced (stage 4 and 5) CKD. Participants undergo repeated detailed bio-clinical assessment over a follow up period of ten years and are tracked for clinical outcomes. The baseline data are presented in this thesis along with some data form the six-month visit. Results I report cross-sectional data from the first 500 participants; mean age is 65 years, 60% were male and 72% white ethnicity. Mean eGFR was 27mL/min/1.73m2 and median urine ACR was 26.9 mg/mmol. Detailed analyses demonstrated important associations between i) quality of life and unemployment, male gender, deprivation, co-morbidity and inflammation ii) arterial stiffness, inflammation and renal and cardiovascular outcomes iii) periodontitis and arterial stiffness iv) mortality, inflammation and arterial stiffness. Conclusions This thesis reports important new findings from patients with CKD and establishes a resource that will provide future insights that should contribute to improving clinical outcomes

The Influence of Faith on Women in Leadership Positions

Women are still underrepresented in leadership roles and still suffer from gender stereotypes and injustice. Women of faith are frequently stigmatized by both their faith and place of employment. This study is about women of faith who held leadership roles in rural communities. The objective of this study is to examine the experiences of women of faith in leadership, their qualities, and knowledge as effective leaders. The data used in this study is secondary and it was obtained from a parent study entitled, “Women Ascending to Leadership Positions in Rural Nonprofit Organizations.” This parent study used a snowball approach to interview 32 women who were serving in leadership roles in rural nonprofit organizations. The current study used a phenomenological qualitative approach to determine how their faith influenced their leadership ascension. It is necessary to investigate the journey of women’s leadership development to identify how to best develop future female leaders in nonprofit organizations in rural communities. There is limited research regarding women’s leadership experiences in rural organizations and faith

Recent Advances in the Pathogenesis and Management of Cast Nephropathy (Myeloma Kidney)

Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy that is often accompanied by renal failure; there are a number of potential causes of this, of which cast nephropathy is the most important. Renal failure is highly significant in myeloma, as patient survival can be stratified by the severity of the renal impairment. Consequently, there is an ongoing focus on the pathological basis of cast nephropathy and the optimal treatment regimens in this setting, including effective chemotherapy regimens to reduce light chain production and emerging extracorporeal techniques to remove circulating light chains. This paper bridges recent advances in the pathogenesis and management of cast nephropathy in multiple myeloma

Antimodern strategies: Ambivalence, accommodation, and protest in Willa Cather's "The Troll Garden".

In this project I argue that Willa Cather's earliest collection of stories, The Troll Garden (1905), demonstrates the antimodern ethos of the American fin de siecle period as characterized by both progressive rhetoric and resistance to modernity. This work also responds to social and economic issues examined by Cather's contemporaries Max Weber in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905) and Thorstein Veblen in his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) as well as by Walter Benjamin early in the 20th century. I argue, using historian T. J. Jackson Lears' notion of antimodernism as both "protest" and "accommodation" to modernity, that Cather figures the celebrity artist and the dandy as representations in an attempt to come to terms with her own contradictory impulses. Cather's early work confronts issues which include American individualism, consumerism, class, and aesthetic consumption in addition to gender. In addition I argue that her antimodern aesthetic is a "sensational" aesthetic, based upon Paterian and Fordian impressionism as expressed by T. E. Hulme, which is itself both a form of protest of and accommodation to the pressures of modernity upon the artist in bourgeois, modern America. Cather's early literary practices situate her within a particularly American Aestheticism traceable through European and American influences from other antimodernists such as Charles Baudelaire, Walter Pater, Candace Wheeler, and Oscar Wilde. Cather's ambivalence towards modernity as portrayed in her aesthetic is compatible with Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of art as "answerability" and the necessity of an "excess of seeing" in confronting the complexity of this period---characterized by high finance capitalism, competition for cultural capital, and the resultant competing, simultaneous rhetorics of fears for the republic and progressive belief

Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-exposure HIV Prophylaxis During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Sub-Saharan Africa

Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention of HIV acquisition is cost-effective when delivered to those at substantial risk. Despite a high incidence of HIV infection among pregnant and breastfeeding women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a theoretical increased risk of preterm birth on PrEP could outweigh the HIV prevention benefit

The simulation of mineral dust in the United Kingdom Earth System Model UKESM1

Mineral dust plays an important role in Earth system models and is linked to many components, including atmospheric wind speed, precipitation and radiation, surface vegetation cover and soil properties and oceanic biogeochemical systems. In this paper, the dust scheme in the first configuration of the United Kingdom Earth System Model UKESM1 is described, and simulations of dust and its radiative effects are presented and compared with results from the parallel coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (GCM) HadGEM3-GC3.1. Not only changes in the driving model fields but also changes in the dust size distribution are shown to lead to considerable differences to the present-day dust simulations and to projected future changes. UKESM1 simulations produce a present-day, top-of-the-atmosphere (ToA) dust direct radiative effect (DRE – defined as the change in downward net flux directly due to the presence of dust) of 0.086 W m−2 from a dust load of 19.5 Tg. Under climate change pathways these values decrease considerably. In the 2081–2100 mean of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP5–8.45 ToA DRE reaches 0.048 W m−2 from a load of 15.1 Tg. In contrast, in HadGEM3-GC3.1 the present-day values of −0.296 W m−2 and 15.0 Tg are almost unchanged at −0.289 W m−2 and 14.5 Tg in the 2081–2100 mean. The primary mechanism causing the differences in future dust projections is shown to be the vegetation response, which dominates over the direct effects of warming in our models. Though there are considerable uncertainties associated with any such estimates, the results presented demonstrate both the importance of the size distribution for dust modelling and also the necessity of including Earth system processes such as interactive vegetation in dust simulations for climate change studies

Genetically-Informed Patient Selection for iPSC Studies of Complex Diseases May Aid in Reducing Cellular Heterogeneity

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is more and more used for the study of genetically complex human disease but is challenged by variability, sample size and polygenicity. We discuss studies involving iPSC-derived neurons from patients with Schizophrenia (SCZ), to exemplify that heterogeneity in sampling strategy complicate the detection of disease mechanisms. We offer a solution to controlling variability within and between iPSC studies by using specific patient selection strategies

The natural history of, and risk factors for, progressive Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):the Renal Impairment in Secondary care (RIISC) study; rationale and protocol

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects up to 16% of the adult population and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. People at highest risk from progressive CKD are defined by a sustained decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and/or the presence of significant albuminuria/proteinuria and/or more advanced CKD. Accurate mapping of the bio-clinical determinants of this group will enable improved risk stratification and direct the development of better targeted management for people with CKD. METHODS/DESIGN: The Renal Impairment In Secondary Care study is a prospective, observational cohort study, patients with CKD 4 and 5 or CKD 3 and either accelerated progression and/or proteinuria who are managed in secondary care are eligible to participate. Participants undergo a detailed bio-clinical assessment that includes measures of vascular health, periodontal health, quality of life and socio-economic status, clinical assessment and collection of samples for biomarker analysis. The assessments take place at baseline, and at six, 18, 36, 60 and 120 months; the outcomes of interest include cardiovascular events, progression to end stage kidney disease and death. DISCUSSION: The determinants of progression of chronic kidney disease are not fully understood though there are a number of proposed risk factors for progression (both traditional and novel). This study will provide a detailed bio-clinical phenotype of patients with high-risk chronic kidney disease (high risk of both progression and cardiovascular events) and will repeatedly assess them over a prolonged follow up period. Recruitment commenced in Autumn 2010 and will provide many outputs that will add to the evidence base for progressive chronic kidney disease