소변 분리 화장실 시스템에서 질소의 운명

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 건설환경공학부, 2015. 2. 한무영.오늘날 대소변의 혼합된 처리는 여러 가지 문제점을 가지고 있다: 음용수를 포함한 많은 자원이 낭비되고 인, 질소, 칼륨과 같은 소중한 영양분들이 환경으로 배출되며, 미세오염물질이 비효율적으로 제거되고 있다. 소변의 대변으로부터의 분리는 효과적인 대안이다. 그러나, 소변이 가지고 있는 영양분들은 비료로 사용하기에 적합한 형태로 존재하지 않을 뿐만 아니라 소변은 인공호르몬, 의약물질, 대사산물과 같은 미세오염물질을 포함하고 있다. 이러한 물질들은 주로 소변을 통해 배출되며 생태계와 인간 건강에 해로울 수 있다. 이 물질들은 하수처리장에서 효율적으로 처리되지 못하고 있기 때문에, 오늘날 많은 미세 오염물질들이 그대로 수계로 배출되고 있다. 소변 처리는 적절한 비료를 생산하는 데에도 필요하며, 미세오염물질로 인한 환경오염을 막는 데에도 적절한 방법이 될 수 있다. 처리방법을 개발하는 것은 소변 내 질소화합물의 농도와 거동에 대한 지식을 필요로 한다. 소변의 분리, 저장과, 이동 동안 소변은 우레아 가수분해와 같이 소변의 구성을 크게 변화시키는 여러가지의 자동적인 공정을 거친다. 이 연구에서는 순수한 소변에서의 질소의 거동에 대해 알아보았다. 또한 과거 고대 페르시아로부터 배운 지식을 기반으로 하여, 소변 샘플들을 아세트산과 중탄산나트륨과 혼합하였을 때의 질소 거동의 변화와 소변의 악취를 제거하는 효과에 대해 연구하였다.Present-day treatment of mixed waste water has several shortcomings: high amounts of resources, including drinking water, are consumed, valuable nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen or potassium are lost to the environment and micro pollutants are eliminated insufficiently. Source separation of urine, which contributes most of the nutrients to waste water, is a promising alternative. However, the nutrients in urine might not be available in a convenient form for fertilizers. Furthermore, urine contains micro pollutants such as synthetic hormones, pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. These substances are mainly excreted via urine and may be harmful to the ecosystems and human health. Today, many micro pollutants reach the aquatic environment, because their degradation in waste water treatment plants is poor. Urine treatment might be necessary to produce an adequate fertilizer, but it might also be a suitable method to prevent the pollution of the environment with micro pollutants. Developing a treatment method requires the knowledge about the concentration and behavior of the nitrogen compounds in urine. During separation, storage and transport, urine is subject to several spontaneous processes such as urea hydrolysis, which change the urine composition significantly. In this research fate of nitrogen in pure urine has been investigated. Also based on a wisdom learned from ancient Persian urine samples have been mixed with acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate and changes in fate of nitrogen and its effect in reducing odor of urine has been studied.Abstract i Table of Content iii List of figures viii List of tables xi CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Urine as a Plant Food 6 1.3. Objectives of Research 12 1.4. Dissertation Structure 12 References 14 CHAPTER 2 15 Literature Review on Treatment Process for Source Separated Urine 15 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Nutrient Removal 17 2.3. Anammox Process 18 2.4. Removal of Micro Pollutants 19 2.5. Electro Dialysis 20 2.6. Nano Filtration 21 2.7. Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation 22 References 23 CHAPTER 3 29 Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine and Urine Mixed with Acetic Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate 29 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. Chemical Concept 31 3.3. Change in Urine pH by Time, Temperature and Composition 32 3.4. Changes in Urine Creatinine, Urea, Uric Acid, Osmolality and Specific Gravity by Temperature 36 3.5. New Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine by Adding Acetic Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate 37 3.5.1. Materials and Methods 38 3.5.1.1. Standard Methods for Chemical Measuring 39 3.5.2. Results and Discussion 39 3.5.2.1. Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Pure Urine 39 3.5.2.2. Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Mixed with Sodium Bicarbonate 42 3.5.2.3. Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine Mixed with Acetic Acid 44 3.6. Conclusion 46 References 47 CHAPTER 4 49 Effect of Bacterial Activities on Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine Mixed with Chemicals 49 4.1. Introduction 49 4.2. Materials and Methods 50 4.3. Results and Discussion 51 4.3.1. Results of Bacterial DNA Test 51 4.4. Conclusion 55 References 56 CHAPTER 5 57 Effect of Changes in Fate of Nitrogen on Odor of Urine 57 5.1. Introduction 57 5.2. Materials and Methods 58 5.3. Results and Discussion 60 5.3.1. Minimum of Concentration of Ammonia to be Smelled 60 5.3.2. Effect of Adding Chemicals on Odor of Urine 61 5.4. Conclusion 62 References 62 CHAPTER 6 64 Application of New Fate of Nitrogen on Urine Utilization 64 6.1. Introduction 64 6.2. Materials and Methods 65 6.3. Results and Discussion 65 6.4. Conclusion 66 References 68 CHAPTER 7 69 Conclusion 69 Alphabetic Sorted References 71 Acknowledgment 79 Appendix 1: Korean Abstract 81 Appendix 2: Award for 2014 International Research Competition 83Maste

Applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Video Coding and Streaming : Editorial

The papers in this special section focus on applied artificial inteligence and machine learning for video coding and media streaming.publishedVersionNon peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| < 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe

Measurement of the Splitting Function in &ITpp &ITand Pb-Pb Collisions at root&ITsNN&IT=5.02 TeV

Data from heavy ion collisions suggest that the evolution of a parton shower is modified by interactions with the color charges in the dense partonic medium created in these collisions, but it is not known where in the shower evolution the modifications occur. The momentum ratio of the two leading partons, resolved as subjets, provides information about the parton shower evolution. This substructure observable, known as the splitting function, reflects the process of a parton splitting into two other partons and has been measured for jets with transverse momentum between 140 and 500 GeV, in pp and PbPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair. In central PbPb collisions, the splitting function indicates a more unbalanced momentum ratio, compared to peripheral PbPb and pp collisions.. The measurements are compared to various predictions from event generators and analytical calculations.Peer reviewe

Search for Physics beyond the Standard Model in Events with Overlapping Photons and Jets

Results are reported from a search for new particles that decay into a photon and two gluons, in events with jets. Novel jet substructure techniques are developed that allow photons to be identified in an environment densely populated with hadrons. The analyzed proton-proton collision data were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in 2016 at root s = 13 TeV, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The spectra of total transverse hadronic energy of candidate events are examined for deviations from the standard model predictions. No statistically significant excess is observed over the expected background. The first cross section limits on new physics processes resulting in such events are set. The results are interpreted as upper limits on the rate of gluino pair production, utilizing a simplified stealth supersymmetry model. The excluded gluino masses extend up to 1.7 TeV, for a neutralino mass of 200 GeV and exceed previous mass constraints set by analyses targeting events with isolated photons.Peer reviewe

Measurement of nuclear modification factors of gamma(1S)), gamma(2S), and gamma(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The cross sections for ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S) production in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV have been measured using the CMS detector at the LHC. The nuclear modification factors, RAA, derived from the PbPb-to-pp ratio of yields for each state, are studied as functions of meson rapidity and transverse momentum, as well as PbPb collision centrality. The yields of all three states are found to be significantly suppressed, and compatible with a sequential ordering of the suppression, RAA(ϒ(1S)) > RAA(ϒ(2S)) > RAA(ϒ(3S)). The suppression of ϒ(1S) is larger than that seen at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, although the two are compatible within uncertainties. The upper limit on the RAA of ϒ(3S) integrated over pT, rapidity and centrality is 0.096 at 95% confidence level, which is the strongest suppression observed for a quarkonium state in heavy ion collisions to date. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.Peer reviewe

Measurement of b jet shapes in proton-proton collisions at root s=5.02 TeV

We present the first study of charged-hadron production associated with jets originating from b quarks in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The data sample used in this study was collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb(-1). To characterize the jet substructure, the differential jet shapes, defined as the normalized transverse momentum distribution of charged hadrons as a function of angular distance from the jet axis, are measured for b jets. In addition to the jet shapes, the per-jet yields of charged particles associated with b jets are also quantified, again as a function of the angular distance with respect to the jet axis. Extracted jet shape and particle yield distributions for b jets are compared with results for inclusive jets, as well as with the predictions from the pythia and herwig++ event generators.Peer reviewe

Electroweak production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions root s =13 TeV

A measurement of the electroweak (EW) production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented, based on data recorded in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The measurement is performed in the lljj final state with l including electrons and muons, and the jets j corresponding to the quarks produced in the hard interaction. The measured cross section in a kinematic region defined by invariant masses m(ll) > 50 GeV, m(jj) > 120 GeV, and transverse momenta P-Tj > 25 GeV is sigma(EW) (lljj) = 534 +/- 20 (stat) fb (syst) fb, in agreement with leading-order standard model predictions. The final state is also used to perform a search for anomalous trilinear gauge couplings. No evidence is found and limits on anomalous trilinear gauge couplings associated with dimension-six operators are given in the framework of an effective field theory. The corresponding 95% confidence level intervals are -2.6 <cwww/Lambda(2) <2.6 TeV-2 and -8.4 <cw/Lambda(2) <10.1 TeV-2. The additional jet activity of events in a signal-enriched region is also studied, and the measurements are in agreement with predictions.Peer reviewe