Frequency of Systemic Diseases and Medication Intake by Patients Referred to the Department of Oral Medicine of Hamadan Dental School

Objectives Due to advances in knowledge and treatment of diseases, life expectancy has increased worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of systemic diseases and medication intake by dental patients referred to dental clinic of Hamadan Dental School.Methods A total of 800 patients referred to the Department of Oral Medicine from October 2013 to May 2014 were studied. The data extracted from patient charts included demographic data, systemic diseases, and medication intake, which were analyzed using the Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test with SPSS version 16.0.Results Of all, 28.8% of participants were males and 71.2% were females. The mean age of participants was 32.3 years. The total prevalence of systemic diseases was 30.5%. The most common condition was endocrine diseases. The total prevalence of medication intake was 20% and the most common medications taken were supplements and antihypertensive medications.Conclusion The results of the present study showed that systemic diseases were prevalent in dental patients. Dentists and dental students must take a precise medical and medication history from patients before starting any dental procedure to prevent medical emergencie

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Evaluation of aquired and developmental clinical dental anomalies( tooth wear, discoloration, flurosis, hypodontia , macrodontia and frequency and dental health index in Refereed Patients to Hamadan Dental Faculty

Introdution: Dental anomalies are an important category of dental morphologic variations. Their incidence is different between many populations. This study aimed to determine the frequency of dental anomalies and dental health index in patients referred to department of Oral Medicine of Hamadan dental faculty in 2014 Methods: In this descriptive cross sectinal  study 772 patients referred to department of oral medicine  were examined  for dental anomalies and biographic information, systemic diseases , receiving drugs and  DMFT index (Decay , Missing, Filling Teeth)  were recorded in their charts. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16 software using descreptive , chi square, t test and one-way ANOVA . P value lower than 5% was considered as significant. Results Out of 772 patients 218 (28.2%) were males and 554 (71.8%) were females and their mean age was 32.3. 70% of patients showed at least one dental anomaly. Attrition (40.2%), flourosis (20.3%), accessory cusps (15.7%), tooth discoloration (14.4%) and hypodontia (3.2%) had high frequency anomalies observed in patients. The mean of patients DMFT was 14.095.78. Conclusion: According to results of this study frequency of acquired dental anomalies was relatively common and   dental health index was low in studied population, therefore  dentists continious education  and oral health education for diagnose and prevention of possible problem for dentist and society  seems to be necessary

VERSLININKYSTĖS KETINIMO NUSTATYMAS PLANUOJAMO ELGESIO TEORIJOJE

One of the biggest challenge faced by the developing countries such as Pakistan, is how to get their young people employed. In Pakistan myriad of lads are graduating from the universities every year, without corresponding job opportunities for them, consequently causing a diverse number of violence, crimes and many other social vices. Entrepreneurship can play an effective role in generating employment opportunities in the country which in turn help in reducing unemployment rate, alleviating poverty and improving livelihood. Thus, it has become a tinted area of for the researcher to study antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to antecedents of entrepreneurial intention in perspective of theory of planned behaviour. For doing so, a deductive approach of logic was adopted and data were collected from 250 students with the help of structured questionnaire. Too empirically test the model, structural equation modelling technique was used with the help of SmartPLS software version 3.The findings supported all the hypothesized associations. This study contributed to practice and knowledge domain by endorsing the incorporation of Self efficacy and perceived risks into TPB model.Viena iš aktualiausių problemų, su kuria susiduria besivystančios šalys, tarp kurių yra ir Pakistanas, susijusi su jaunų žmonių įsidarbinimu. Pakistane daugybė jaunuolių kasmet baigia universitetus, tačiau dėl tokių socialinių problemų, kaip smurtas ir didelis nusikalstamumas, galimybiųjiems įsidarbinti gana nedaug. Kuriant darbo vietas šalyje, svarbų vaidmenį gali atlikti verslumas,nes tai padėtų mažinti nedarbo lygį, skurdą ir keltų pragyvenimo lygį. Dėl šių priežasčių pastaruojumetu vis plačiau mokslininkai nagrinėja verslo galimybes Pakistane, o šio tyrimo tikslas – pasitelkus teorinį požiūrį apie planuojamą elgesį, ištirti verslumo galimybes. Siekiant tikslo, buvo surinkti duomenys iš 250 studentų naudojant struktūrizuotą klausimyną, buvo taikomas dedukcinis loginis metodas. Naudijant „SmartPLS“ programinės įrangos 3-iają versiją, empiriškai išbandytas sukurtas teorinis modelis. Iškeltos hipotezės buvo pagrįstos gautais tyrimo rezultatais. Šis tyrimas prisidės prie praktikos ir žinių gilinimo įkomponuojant saviefektyvumo ir suvokiamos rizikos veiksnius į TPB modelį

Biochar and conservation tillage affect the agronomic performance and fatty acid composition of Nigella sativa L. under both irrigated and dryland conditions

Abstract Soils in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran have suffered greatly from low organic matter content and low water availability. Traditional tillage and the overuse of chemical fertilizers are accelerating the problems in the region. So, sensible and sustainable strategies such as conservation tillage and natural organic inputs are becoming increasingly important to enhance organic matter and humidity in the soil and grow high-quality crops in agroecosystems. Thus, in 2019 and 2020, a split-split plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design was conducted in Iran to assess the effects of irrigated conditions, tillage systems, and biochar on the aforementioned traits. There were two irrigation conditions (irrigated and dryland) as the main plots, three tillage methods (conventional, minimum, and no-tillage) as sub-plots, and two application rates for biochar (0 and 15 ton ha−1) as sub-sub plots. The findings indicated that biochar application enhanced grain yield across all tillage methods under both irrigation conditions. Biochar with minimum tillage improved oil yield by 23% and 29% compared to those that did not use biochar under the dryland and irrigated conditions, respectively. Moreover, oil yield was higher in 2020 than in 2019 for all tillage systems and biochar rates. The main components of Nigella sativa L. oil belong to linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids. Minimum tillage with biochar under irrigated conditions in 2020 and no-tillage without biochar under dryland conditions in 2019 had the most (59%) and the least linoleic acid (53%), respectively. Conventional, minimum, and no-tillage with biochar in dryland conditions significantly increased linoleic acid by 2%, 3%, and 5% compared to those without biochar in 2020, respectively. In general, adopting biochar with minimum tillage produced the best outcomes for Nigella sativa L. yield, and grain oil quality under both irrigation conditions. It is recommended that farmers incorporate these practices to produce high-quality Nigella sativa L. in sustainable agricultural systems

Molecular detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum from prostate tissues using PCR-RFLP, Tehran, Iran

Background: In most cases, prostatitis can be caused by a bacterial agent such as Ureaplasma urealyticum. Considering to the cumbersome of the culture method for the detection of Ureaplasma species in clinical samples such as prostate; PCR method that is faster and more appropriate than the cultivation methods, can be utilized for the detection of U. urealyticum and U. parvum. PCR-RFLP method can differentiate both biovars and assist in studies of the clinical diagnosis, epidemiology and pathology of this species in human. The aim of this study was to molecular detection of U. urealyticumin in prostate tissue samples based on PCR- RFLP. Methods: Two hundred prostate tissue samples were collected from patient suffering from prostatitis. The PCR assay was used to amplify a 559 bp fragment of 16S-23SRNA interspace region of Ureaplasma. After sequencing, PCR products from positive samples were digested with TaqI restriction enzyme. Results: Seven cases (3.5) out of 200 prostate tissue samples were positive for U. urealyticum. Results of PCR products sequencing demonstrated that all isolates were U. parvum biovar. PCR-RFLP results shown that there was not any differentiation in pattern of enzymatic digestion, in addition, all isolates were U. parvum, serovar 3. Conclusion: U. urealyticum can be one of the causing agents of prostatitis. Using PCR-RFLP with specific primer and restriction enzyme is a rapid and cost-effect method for detection and differentiation of Ureaplasma from clinical samples. © 2016, IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Preparation and in vitro characterization of electrospun scaffolds composed of chitosan, gelatin and 58S bioactive glass nanoparticles for skin tissue engineering

Background and aims: The presence of an appropriate scaffold at the wound site could significantly improve the healing process. In this study, we aimed to prepare a biomimetic nanocomposite scaffold composed of chitosan, gelatin, and 58S bioglass nanoparticles for skin tissue engineering. Methods: The nanocomposite scaffolds composed of chitosan, gelatin, and 58S bioglass nanoparticles were fabricated through electrospinning process. Then the cell viability assay was performed in order to evaluate the biological properties of the membranes. The optimum concentration of bioglass nanoparticles was determined for further studies. In vitro characterization was also performed to evaluate physicochemical properties of the scaffolds. Results: The chitosan/gelatin scaffold containing 2% of 58S bioglass nanoparticles showed no cell toxicity, and the dermal fibroblasts were found capable of proliferation on the membrane. The in vitro results obtained from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and porosity tests demonstrated the appropriate properties of the membrane as a scaffold for skin regeneration. Conclusions: It was concluded that a chitosan-gelatin membrane containing 2% of 58S bioglass nanoparticles had the potential to function as a scaffold to accelerate wound healing due to its suitable properties, such as high porosity, high surface/volume ratio, and excellent biocompatibility. Keywords: Chitosan, Gelatin, Bioactive glass, Wound healing, Tissue engineerin

Preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene oxide)/zinc oxide nanofibrous scaffold for chronic wound healing applications

BACKGROUND: Skin, the first barrier to pathogens, loses its integrity and function after an injury. The presence of an antibacterial dressing at the wound site may prevent bacterial invasion and also improve the healing process. OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to fabricate a biomimetic membrane with antibacterial properties for healing chronic wounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The membranes, fabricated through electrospinning, are comprised of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as the main biomaterial and antibacterial agent, respectively. Antibacterial activity, cell attachment and viability were tested to evaluate the biological properties of the membranes. The optimal cell compatible concentration of ZnO-NPs was determined for further studies. In vitro characterization of the membranes was performed to confirm their suitable properties for wound healing. RESULTS: The antibacterial PEO/ZnO-NP membrane containing 2 of nanoparticles showed no cell toxicity, and human fibroblast cells were able to adhere and proliferate on the scaffold. The in vitro results from the tensile test, wettability, porosity, and protein adsorption revealed appropriate properties of the membrane as a scaffold for skin tissue engineering. CONCLUSIONS: Synthetic polymers have been widely used for tissue engineering applications. The proper characteristics of PEO nanofibers, including a high ratio of surface/volume, moderate hydrophilicity and good mechanical properties, make this polymer interesting for skin regeneration. The results demonstrate the potential of the antibacterial PEO/ZnO-NP membrane to be used as an engineered scaffold to improve the wound healing process

Intestinal fungal and parasitic infections in kidney transplant recipients: A multi-center study

Kidney transplant recipients are susceptible to various infections due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs. The present study was performed as studies on the prevalence of intes-tinal fungal and parasitic infections in kidney transplant recipients are limited. A total of 150 kidney transplant recipients and 225 matched immunocompetent outpatients, who were referred to the laboratory of Noor Hospital, Isfahan, were studied. After recording demographic characte-ristics, direct test and specific laboratory cultures were carried out on the stool specimens. Patients were instructed on sanitary rules and, during each medical visit, they were reminded of the same. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections was 33.3% and 58.7%, respec-tively, in transplant recipients and 20% and 51%, respectively, in the control group; the difference was not statistically significant. The most prevalent intestinal parasite was Entameba coli, which was seen in 9.3% of the study patients and 6.7% of the controls. The most prevalent fungus was Candida sp., which was seen in 22% of the study patients and 24.4% of the control group. Co-existing infection with two or more fungi was seen in 14.8% and 3.4% in the case and control groups, respectively; P <0.001. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection by a single organism between the two groups. However, co-existing infection with two or more species was more prevalent in transplant recipients. We conclude that further investigations are needed to evaluate the pathogenesis of infection with these microorganisms