Plasma assisted thin film formation

Thin films of fluorocarbon-based polymers can be deposited by plasma assisted polymerisation of various perfluorocarbons. The chemical natures of plasma polymers of hexafluoropropene and perfluorohexane were examined as a function of power, flow rate and position in reactor. Polymerised hexafluoropropene displayed increased fluorine contents at high powers; this is at odds with perfluorohexane which demonstrated lower fluorine contents. Differing reaction mechanisms between saturated and unsaturated perfluorocarbons were proposed to explain this. Both perfluorocarbons were found to give increased CF(_2) contents out of the plasma glow region. This was demonstrated to be a function of distance from the monomer inlet, and was ascribed to the production of long lived polymer forming species in the gas phase. Plasma oxidation of low density polyethylene, polystyrene and poly (ether ether ketone) with oxygen and carbon dioxide was modelled by corresponding photooxidation reactions. Correlations between the structure of the polymer, the treatment used, and the final products were drawn. Aliphatic components tended to give carbon-oxygen single bonds, phenyl rings were oxidised to carbonyl and acid groups, and carbonyl groups to acids. Metal-containing polymeric thin films were produced from plasmas of zinc acetylacetonate and aluminium tri-sec -butoxide. The products from each monomer were different, with the zinc compound resulting in a high proportion of zinc carboxylate and the aluminium compound giving the oxide or hydroxide. Incorporation of these compounds into a perfluorohexane plasma resulted in the formation of metal fluoride containing thin films

Il Partito Comunista d'Italia e l'organizzazione delle masse (1929-1934)

ItQuesto saggio analizza i condizionamenti che l'Internazionale Comunista (IC) esercitò sul Partito Comunista d'Italia (PCd'I) nella sua attività estera nel periodo 1929-1934. Secondo l'IC, la crisi economica del 1929 (a) costituiva la fine della fase di «relativa stabilizzazione» del capitalismo, (b) intensificava i processi di «radicalizzazione delle masse» e (c) riapriva per i partiti comunisti dell'IC la prospettiva di una nuova fase rivoluzionaria. A livello ideologico, sebbene con qualche esitazione, il Parito Comunista italiano adottò la categoria del «socialfascismo» e si impegnò in una dura lotta contro l'«opportunismo», tanto all'interno del gruppo dirigente quanto tra i quadri intermedi e alla base del partito. A livello politico vennero espulsi noti dirigenti, quali Angelo Tasca, Alfonso Leonetti, Pietro Tresso, Paolo Ravazzoli, Ignazio Silone. Analogamente, anche Vincenzo Gigante, un funzionario intermedio, fu costretto ad abbandonare l'attività politica: quest'ultimo avvenimento costituisce il caso di studio del presente lavoro.EnThis article analyses the restrictions that the Communist International (CI) imposed to the leadership of the Communist Party of Italy (CPI) to their abroad activity during the period 1929-1934. According to the CI, the crisis of the 1929 (a) caused the end of the «relative stabilization» of the capitalism, (b) intensified the process of «radicalization of the masses» and (c) opened up the perspective of a new revolutionary phase for the communist parties belonging to the CI itself. On the theoretical level and with some hesitation, the CPI endorsed the «social fascism» category and started to struggle heavily against the «opportunism» in the leadership, among the middle-ranking officers and in the party's base. On the political level, relevant leaders were expelled, such as Angelo Tasca, Alfonso Leonetti, Pietro Tresso, Paolo Ravazzoli, Ignazio Silone, while Antonio Vincenzo Gigante, an - intermediate officer - was forced to leave the political activity: this latter event is the study case presented in this paper