Implementación de un Programa de Farmacovigilancia en la Droguería Pague Menos de la ciudad de Ocaña, Norte de Santander

Folleto sobre reacciones adversas a medicamentos RAM y FOREAM: herramienta empleada por el INVIMA para el reporte de casos.La (Organización Mundial de la Salud , 2004) define a la Farmacovigilancia como “una actividad que se dedica a la detección temprana de problemas de seguridad no detectados durante el desarrollo clínico de los medicamentos antes de su comercialización”. En ese sentido, en el desarrollo de este trabajo se pudo evidenciar algunos de los aspectos que engloban a la farmacovigilancia, así mismo, se planteó el objetivo general que corresponde a; Implementar un programa de farmacovigilancia en la droguería Pague Menos de la ciudad de Ocaña, Norte de Santander con el fin de detectar y prevenir las reacciones adversas con el uso de medicamentos. Y para dar cumplimiento a esto se plantearon una serie de actividades en las que tenemos; en primer lugar un criterio evaluativo que se le aplicó a tres empleados de la droguería para poder supervisar la conservación, almacenamiento e información de los medicamentos que se dispensan en el establecimiento, haciendo un posterior análisis de los resultados. Después se describió el proceso que se debe seguir a la hora que se presente una reacción adversa al uso de medicamentos y se planteó un formato para hacer el respectivo reporte a las entidades correspondientes. Por último, se propuso una serie de capacitaciones por parte del Regente de Farmacia acerca de la dispensación de medicamentos, así como un folleto informativo que contiene información relevante acerca de las reacciones adversas al uso de medicamentos, para que sea entregado a los usuarios de la droguería Pague Menos.The (World Health Organization, 2004) defines Pharmacovigilance as “an activity dedicated to the early detection of safety problems not detected during the clinical development of drugs before they are marketed”. In this sense, in the development of this work it was possible to demonstrate some of the aspects that encompass Pharmacovigilance, likewise, the general objective that corresponds to; implement a program in the Pharmacovigilance in the Pague Menos drugstore in the city of Ocaña, Norte de Santander in order to detect and prevent adverse drug reactions. And to comply with this, a series of activities were proposed in which we have; first, an evaluative criterion that was applied to three employees of the drugstore to be able to supervise the conservation, storage and information of the medicines that are dispensed in the establishment, making a subsequent analysis of the results. Afterwards, the process that must be followed when an adverse reaction to the use of medications occurs was described, and a format was proposed to make the respective report to the corresponding entities. Lastly, a series of trainings by the Pharmacy Regent on the dispensing of medicines was proposed, as well as an informative brochure containing relevant information about adverse reactions to the use of medicines, to be delivered to users of the pharmacy

Plan de negocios para la creaci?n de un marketplace de productos alimenticios saludables de empresarios peruanos para el mercado de Lima Moderna: Chakra.com

La presente tesis se ha realizado con el objetivo de analizar la viabilidad econ?mica de un Marketplace de productos alimenticios saludables que permita integrar al micro, peque?o y mediano proveedor, de la costa, sierra y selva; y, consumidores conscientes de su salud que buscan alimentos sanos y de calidad, ofreciendo un servicio diferenciador de manera que contribuya a la sociedad a trav?s del comercio regional justo y promueva el consumo saludable. Para cumplir con el objetivo de este an?lisis, se propusieron objetivos espec?ficos y una metodolog?a de investigaci?n que permiti? situarnos en el mercado de productos alimenticios saludables y evaluar la oportunidad de negocio. A partir de los resultados de investigaci?n de mercado, construimos los lineamientos estrat?gicos de Chakra.com, los mismos que guiaron el desarrollo posterior de los planes estrat?gicos de marketing, operaciones, tecnolog?a y recursos humanos, todos con objetivos espec?ficos y estrategias que apuntan a cumplir con la propuesta de valor para el cliente consumidor y cliente proveedor

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra

Determinación y puesta en marcha de un sistema de gestión de calidad, identificando estructura, perfiles y capacidades gerenciales requeridos para organizaciones intensivas en conocimiento.

Esta investigación teórico-práctica en la que se referenciaron inicialmente los modelos de Direccionamiento y Planeación Estratégica desarrollados y aplicados en investigaciones anteriores por parte del Instituto de Prospectiva, Innovación y Gestión del conocimiento, los cuales proporcionaron herramientas importantes para la contextualización del ejercicio a desarrollar . De allí surge el esquema externo para el Sistema de Gestión Propuesto

Fabrication and optical characterization of a high-quality fcc-opal-based photonic crystal grown by the vertical convective self-assembly method

Fabrication and optical characterization of close-packed 225 nm SiO2 -based colloidal crystals. Materials and methods: Thevertical convective self-assembly method is used to grow high-quality 225 nm close-packed SiO2-based colloidal crystals. An annealingprocess (550°C) is made in order to improve the mechanical stability of the sample. Optical characterization is done by angle-resolvedtransmission spectroscopy (A-RTS) and structural characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: Both, A-RTS andSEM, show that with the vertical convective self-assembly method, with the appropriate parameters of temperature of evaporation (60°C),volume fraction of the colloidal suspension (0.2% w/w) and acidity (pH=6), highly ordered close packed face centered cubic (fcc) SiO2based colloidal crystals are obtained. Conclusions: The growth of high-quality (long range order and defect-free) face centered cubic opalbased photonic crystals is reported

Fabricação e caracterização óptica de cristais coloidais de alta qualidade formados por esferas de SiO2 de 225 nm de diâmetro com embalagem fcc crescidos pelo método convectivo de automontagem de deposição vertical.

Objective: Fabrication and optical characterization of close-packed 225 nm SiO2 -based colloidal crystals. Materials and methods: The vertical convective self-assembly method is used to grow high-quality 225 nm close-packed SiO2-based colloidal crystals. An annealing process (550°C) is made in order to improve the mechanical stability of the sample. Optical characterization is done by angle-resolved transmission spectroscopy (A-RTS) and structural characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: Both, A-RTS and SEM, show that with the vertical convective self-assembly method, with the appropriate parameters of temperature of evaporation (60°C), volume fraction of the colloidal suspension (0.2% w/w) and acidity (pH=6), highly ordered close packed face centered cubic (fcc) SiO2 based colloidal crystals are obtained. Conclusions: The growth of high-quality (long range order and defect-free) face centered cubic opal-based photonic crystals is reported. Key words: Photonic crystals, colloidal crystals, artificial opals, vertical convective deposition method, Bragg diffractionObjetivo: Fabricación y caracterización óptica de cristales coloidales de esferas de SiO2 de 225 nm de diámetro y empaquetamiento fcc. Materiales y métodos: Se producen cristales coloidales de 225 nm de diámetro de alta calidad mediante la técnica convectiva de auto-ensamblado de deposición vertical. Se hace, adicionalmente, un proceso de recocido (550°C) con el fin de mejorar la estabilidad mecánica de la estructura. La caracterización óptica se lleva a cabo por espectroscopia de transmisión resuelta en ángulo (A-RTS) y la caracterización estructural mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Resultados: Ambos, A-RTS y MEB, muestran que con el método utilizado y con los parámetros adecuados de temperatura de evaporación (60°C), fracción en volumen de la suspensión coloidal (0,2% w / w) y acidez (pH = 6) se obtienen cristales coloidales de SiO2 con empaquetamiento compacto fcc altamente ordenados. Conclusiones: Se reporta el crecimiento de ópalos artificiales con empaquetamiento compacto fcc altamente ordenados (libre de defectos y con ordenamiento a largo alcance).Palabras clave:Cristales fotónicos, cristales coloidales, ópalos artificiales, método de deposición vertical, difracción de BraggObjetivo: Fabricação e caracterização óptica de cristais coloidais de esferas de SiO2 de 225 nm de diâmetro e embalagem fcc. Materiais e métodos: Foram produzidos cristais coloidais de 225 nm de diâmetro de alta qualidade através da técnica convectiva de automontagem de deposição vertical. Faz-se, adicionalmente, um processo de recozimento (550°C), a fim de melhorar a estabilidade mecânica da estrutura. A caracterização óptica foi realizada por espectroscopia de transmissão em ângulo (A-RTS) e a caracterização estrutural utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Resultados: Ambos, A-RTS e MEV mostram que com o método utilizado e com os parâmetros adequados de temperatura de evaporação (60°C), fração de volume da suspensão coloidal (0,2% w / w) e acidez (pH = 6) são obtidos cristais coloidais de SiO2 com embalagem compacto fcc altamente ordenados. Conclusões: Registrou-se o crescimento de opalas artificiais com embalagem compacto fcc altamente ordenadas (livres de defeitos e de ordem de longo alcance). Palavras-chave: cristais fotônicos, cristais coloidais, opalas artificiais, método de deposição vertical, difração de Brag

Fabricação e caracterização óptica de cristais coloidais de alta qualidade formados por esferas de SiO2 de 225 nm de diâmetro com embalagem fcc crescidos pelo método convectivo de automontagem de deposição vertical.

Objective: Fabrication and optical characterization of close-packed 225 nm SiO2 -based colloidal crystals. Materials and methods: The vertical convective self-assembly method is used to grow high-quality 225 nm close-packed SiO2-based colloidal crystals. An annealing process (550°C) is made in order to improve the mechanical stability of the sample. Optical characterization is done by angle-resolved transmission spectroscopy (A-RTS) and structural characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: Both, A-RTS and SEM, show that with the vertical convective self-assembly method, with the appropriate parameters of temperature of evaporation (60°C), volume fraction of the colloidal suspension (0.2% w/w) and acidity (pH=6), highly ordered close packed face centered cubic (fcc) SiO2 based colloidal crystals are obtained. Conclusions: The growth of high-quality (long range order and defect-free) face centered cubic opal-based photonic crystals is reported. Key words: Photonic crystals, colloidal crystals, artificial opals, vertical convective deposition method, Bragg diffractionObjetivo: Fabricación y caracterización óptica de cristales coloidales de esferas de SiO2 de 225 nm de diámetro y empaquetamiento fcc. Materiales y métodos: Se producen cristales coloidales de 225 nm de diámetro de alta calidad mediante la técnica convectiva de auto-ensamblado de deposición vertical. Se hace, adicionalmente, un proceso de recocido (550°C) con el fin de mejorar la estabilidad mecánica de la estructura. La caracterización óptica se lleva a cabo por espectroscopia de transmisión resuelta en ángulo (A-RTS) y la caracterización estructural mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Resultados: Ambos, A-RTS y MEB, muestran que con el método utilizado y con los parámetros adecuados de temperatura de evaporación (60°C), fracción en volumen de la suspensión coloidal (0,2% w / w) y acidez (pH = 6) se obtienen cristales coloidales de SiO2 con empaquetamiento compacto fcc altamente ordenados. Conclusiones: Se reporta el crecimiento de ópalos artificiales con empaquetamiento compacto fcc altamente ordenados (libre de defectos y con ordenamiento a largo alcance).Palabras clave:Cristales fotónicos, cristales coloidales, ópalos artificiales, método de deposición vertical, difracción de BraggObjetivo: Fabricação e caracterização óptica de cristais coloidais de esferas de SiO2 de 225 nm de diâmetro e embalagem fcc. Materiais e métodos: Foram produzidos cristais coloidais de 225 nm de diâmetro de alta qualidade através da técnica convectiva de automontagem de deposição vertical. Faz-se, adicionalmente, um processo de recozimento (550°C), a fim de melhorar a estabilidade mecânica da estrutura. A caracterização óptica foi realizada por espectroscopia de transmissão em ângulo (A-RTS) e a caracterização estrutural utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Resultados: Ambos, A-RTS e MEV mostram que com o método utilizado e com os parâmetros adequados de temperatura de evaporação (60°C), fração de volume da suspensão coloidal (0,2% w / w) e acidez (pH = 6) são obtidos cristais coloidais de SiO2 com embalagem compacto fcc altamente ordenados. Conclusões: Registrou-se o crescimento de opalas artificiais com embalagem compacto fcc altamente ordenadas (livres de defeitos e de ordem de longo alcance). Palavras-chave: cristais fotônicos, cristais coloidais, opalas artificiais, método de deposição vertical, difração de Brag

Análise da característica corrente-voltagem de diodos orgânicos emissores de luz (OLEDs) baseados em polímeros depositados por spin coating.

Polymer-based organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with the structure ITO / PEDOT:PSS / MDMO-PPV / Metal were prepared by spin coating. It is known that electroluminescence of these devices is strongly dependent on the material used as cathode and on the deposition parameters of the polymer electroluminescent layer MDMO-PPV. Objective. In this work the effect of i) the frequency of the spin coater (1000-8000 rpm), ii) the concentration of the MDMO-PPV: Toluene solution, and iii) the material used as cathode (Aluminium or Silver) on the electrical response of the devices, was evaluated through current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Materials and methods. PEDOT:PPS and MDMO-PPV organic layers were deposited by spin coating on ITO substrates, and the OLED structure was completed with cathodes of aluminium and silver. The electric response of the devices was evaluated based on the I-V characteristics. Results. Diodes prepared with thinner organic films allow higher currents at lower voltages; this can be achieved either by increasing the frequency of the spin coater or by using concentrations of MDMO-PPV: Toluene lower than 2% weight. A fit of the experimental data showed that the diodes have two contributions to the current. The first one is attributed to parasitic currents between anode and cathode, and the other one is a parallel current through the organic layer, in which the carrier injection mechanism is mediated by thermionic emission. Conclusions. The results fitting and the energy level alignment through the whole structure show that PPV-based OLEDs are unipolar devices, with current mainly attributed to hole transport. Key words: organic semiconductors, OLEDs, electroluminescent polymers, MDMO-PPV, PEDOT:PSS, Spin coating, HOMO, LUMO, carrier injection, thermionic emission.Se fabricaron diodos orgánicos emisores de luz (OLEDs) con la estructura ITO / PEDOT:PSS / MDMO-PPV / Metal mediante la técnica de spin coating. Es ampliamente conocido que la electroluminiscencia de estos diodos depende fuertemente del material usado como cátodo y también de los parámetros de crecimiento de la capa del polímero electroluminiscente MDMO-PPV. Objetivo. En este trabajo el efecto de i) la frecuencia del spin coater (1000-8000 rpm), ii) la concentración de la solución MDMO-PPV : Tolueno y iii) el material usado como cátodo (plata o aluminio) sobre la repuesta eléctrica de los dispositivos, fue evaluado a través de medidas de corriente-voltaje (I-V). Materiales y métodos. Películas delgadas de los materiales orgánicos PEDOT:PSS y MDMO-PPV fueron depositados por spin coating sobre sustratos de ITO, y la estructura del OLED fue terminada con cátodo de plata y aluminio. La respuesta eléctrica de los dispositivos fue evaluada a través de su característica I-V. Resultados. Los diodos fabricados con películas orgánicas más delgadas son los que suministran mayores corrientes a menores voltajes. Esto puede lograrse ya sea incrementando la frecuencia de rotación del spin coating o usando concentraciones de MDMO-PPV: Tolueno menores al 2% en peso. Un ajuste de los datos experimentales demostró que los diodos poseen contribuciones de una corriente parásita entre ánodo y cátodo, y otra corriente paralela en donde el mecanismo predominante de inyección de portadores a la capa orgánica es a través de emisión termoiónica. Conclusiones. El ajuste de los datos experimentales, junto con la posición de niveles de energía a través de la heteroestructura, demuestra que los OLEDs basados en derivados de PPV son dispositivos unipolares, en el que la corriente se atribuye principalmente a transporte de huecos.Palabras clave: semiconductores orgánicos, OLEDs, polímeros electroluminiscentes, MDMO-PPV, PEDOT:PSS, Spin coating, HOMO, LUMO, inyección de portadores, emisión termoiónica.Foram fabricados diodos orgânicos emissores de luz (OLEDs) com a estrutura de ITO / PEDOT: PSS / MDMO-PPV / metal, pela técnica de spin coating. É amplamente conhecido que a eletroluminescência destes diodos depende fortemente do material utilizado como cátodo, e também dos parâmetros de crescimento da camada de polímero eletroluminescente MDMO-PPV. Objetivo. Neste trabalho o efeito de i) a freqüência do spin coater (1000-8000 rpm), ii) a concentração da solução MDMO-PPV: Tolueno e iii) o material utilizado como cátodo (prata ou alumínio) sobre a resposta elétrica dos dispositivos, foi avaliado por medidas de corrente-voltagem (I-V). Materiais e métodos. Películas finas de materiais orgânicos PEDOT: PSS e MDMO-PPV foram depositadas por spin coating sobre substratos de ITO e a estrutura do OLED foi terminada com cátodo de prata e de alumínio. A resposta elétrica dos dispositivos foi avaliada pela sua característica I-V. Resultados. Os diodos feitos de películas orgânicas finas fornecem maiores correntes a menores voltagens. Isto pode ser conseguido, quer através do aumento da velocidade de rotação do spin coating ou usando concentrações de MDMO-PPV: Tolueno menores de 2% em peso. Um ajuste dos dados experimentais mostrou que os diodos têm uma contribuição de uma corrente parasita entre anodo e catodo, e outra corrente paralela, onde o principal mecanismo da injeção de portadores da camada orgânica é através da emissão termiônica. Conclusões. O ajuste dos dados experimentais, juntamente com a posição dos níveis de energia através da heteroestrutura, mostra que os OLEDs baseados em derivados de PPV são dispositivos unipolares, onde a corrente é atribuída principalmente ao transporte de ocos. Palavras-chave: semicondutores orgânicos, OLEDs, polímeros eletroluminescentes, MDMO-PPV, PEDOT: PSS, Spin coating, HOMO, LUMO, injeção de portadores, emissão termiônica