On the kernels of higher R-derivations of R[x1, ... xn]

Let R be an integral domain and A = R[x1, . . . , xn] be the polynomial ring in n variables. In this article, we study the kernel of higher R-derivation D of A. It is shown that if R is a HCF ring and tr. degR(Aᴰ) ≤ 1 then Aᴰ = R[f] for some f ∈ A

Surgical outcome after impacted mandibular third molar surgery using piezotome and conventional rotary handpiece: a comparative study

Background: This study was performed to compare the surgical outcome in impacted mandibular third molar surgery using piezotome and conventional rotary handpiece. Methods: Total 40 patients were selected with similar Pederson Index for mandibular third molar surgery with either piezosurgical unit or conventional rotary handpiece. Pain, trismus, oedema and alveolar osteitis were evaluated preoperatively and then postoperatively 1st, 3rd, and 7th day. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the average time needed to complete the osteotomy and extraction was significantly lesser for the rotary group than for the piezo group (p<0.05). The average duration of surgery was 18.16 minutes in group A, and 20.49 minutes in group B. Conclusions: Significantly lesser pain, trismus, facial swelling, alveolar osteitis and a better perception of the quality of life by the patients after third molar extraction was found using the Piezotome

TAKRADHARA THE DIVINE PROCEDURE FOR IMPROVING QUALITY OF THE SLEEP

Nidra (sleep) in Ayurveda plays very important role in health point of view hence it is necessary to have a sound sleep. Current study determines the efficacy of Takradhara and indigenous drugs in administration of Anidra (insomnia). It was a simple, random, systematic, and focused group study with sample size 30.It was observed that the common causes of Anidra are mental stress; Chinta, Bhaya, Krodha, and improper sleep timings with having common symptoms like Yawning, Drowsiness, Fatigue, Malaise and Headache.It was seen that after completion of the course 73% of the patients got relieved from drowsiness, 72% relieved from headache, 67% relieved from malaise, 60% relieved from yawning and 58% of the patients got relieved from fatigue. Apart from that, 43% of the patients show improvement in the luster, 42% got relieved from constipation and 41% relieved from indigestion. However, 39% improved their concentration, 37% improved their level of perception and 27% improved their memory, while 23% of the patients show improvement in their weight.Therefore it can be concluded that the procedure of Takradhara was very safe and efficacious to treat the modalities and can be used effectively on the management of Anidra. Mixture prepared for Takradhara was found very effective in the management of Anidra. It only reduces stress and tension but also enhances the circulation of brain, improves memory, nourishes the hair on scalp, calms the mind and body and helps to beat insomnia.

Surfactant-assisted synthesis of zero-dimensional iron nanomaterial for cellobiose hydrolysis

A cost-effective, magnetically separable iron nanomaterial (15 wt% Fe) was synthesized using cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template and used for the hydrolysis of cellobiose at 120 °C. The m-FeCTB catalyst is ferromagnetic, mesoporous, and crystalline with a dominant γ-Fe2O3 phase; it has a high surface area (30 m2 g−1) and small particle size (60 nm). The cellobiose hydrolysis achieved a glucose yield of 60% and hydromethyl furfural (HMF) yield of 40% at 6 h. This catalytic activity with a turnover frequency of 0.037 s−1 and selectivity for glucose and HMF was attributed to high surface area, calcination temperature (400 °C), crystallinity, metallic site, surface acidity (26 μmol g−1) due to the presence of Fe2+, and small particle size. The m-FeCTB catalyst showed moderate recyclability over two cycles

Next Generation dsRNA-Based Insect Control: Success So Far and Challenges

RNA interference (RNAi) is a method of gene silencing where dsRNA is digested into small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the presence of enzymes. These siRNAs then target homologous mRNA sequences aided by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The mechanism of dsRNA uptake has been well studied and established across many living organisms including insects. In insects, RNAi is a novel and potential tool to develop future pest management means targeting various classes of insects including dipterans, coleopterans, hemipterans, lepidopterans, hymenopterans and isopterans. However, the extent of RNAi in individual class varies due to underlying mechanisms. The present review focuses on three major insect classes viz hemipterans, lepidopterans and coleopterans and the rationale behind this lies in the fact that studies pertaining to RNAi has been extensively performed in these groups. Additionally, these classes harbour major agriculturally important pest species which require due attention. Interestingly, all the three classes exhibit varying levels of RNAi efficiencies with the coleopterans exhibiting maximum response, while hemipterans are relatively inefficient. Lepidopterans on the other hand, show minimum response to RNAi. This has been attributed to many facts and few important being endosomal escape, high activity dsRNA-specific nucleases, and highly alkaline gut environment which renders the dsRNA unstable. Various methods have been established to ensure safe delivery of dsRNA into the biological system of the insect. The most common method for dsRNA administration is supplementing the diet of insects via spraying onto leaves and other commonly eaten parts of the plant. This method is environment-friendly and superior to the hazardous effects of pesticides. Another method involves submergence of root systems in dsRNA solutions and subsequent uptake by the phloem. Additionally, more recent techniques are nanoparticle- and Agrobacterium-mediated delivery systems. However, due to the novelty of these biotechnological methods and recalcitrant nature of certain crops, further optimization is required. This review emphasizes on RNAi developments in agriculturally important insect species and the major hurdles for efficient RNAi in these groups. The review also discusses in detail the development of new techniques to enhance RNAi efficiency using liposomes and nanoparticles, transplastomics, microbial-mediated delivery and chemical method

Cyperus scariosus Chloroform Fraction Inhibits T cell Responses in Balb/C Mice

Purpose: To investigate the T cell inhibition potential of 50% ethanol extract of Cyperus scariosus (CS)and its bioactive chloroform fraction (CSC).Methods: The preliminary screening of the extract was carried out by humoral antibody response anddelayed-type hypersensitivity models employing sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as the antigen. Further,the extract was studied by skin allograft rejection test, and phagocytosis - in vitro and ex vivo - by C.albicans method and carbon clearance test, respectively. The extract was fractionated with chloroform,n-butanol and water, and then used to investigate the T-cell specific immunosuppressive potential ofthese fractions by flow cytometry.Results: On p.o. administration, CS inhibited both humoral and cell-mediated immune responsessignificantly (p < 0.01) by suppressing primary (26.8 %) and secondary (29.7 %) antibody titres, andalso inhibited cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) immune response (45.9 %) at 600mg/kg dose, phagocytosis - both in vitro (37.4 %) and ex vivo (37.8 %) - and delayed the graft rejectiontime (45.8%), thus confirming marked immunosuppression. Out of the three isolated fractions, only thechloroform fraction significantly (p < 0.01) suppressed CD8+/ CD4+ T cell surface markers (14.0/25.3%) and intra-cellular Th1 cytokines, viz, IL-2 (34.4 %), and IFN-&gamma; (34.7 %), compared to cyclosporine-A(5), a standard T cell inhibitor (53.6 %) which was given to Balb/C mice at 200 mg/kg dose. CSC did notsignificantly (p < 0.01) suppress Th2 (IL-4) system.Conclusion: The findings from this investigation reveal that C. scariosus causes immunosuppressionby inhibiting Th1 cytokines

Detection of mecA gene of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus by PCR assay from raw milk

The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in foods of animal origin, pose a serious threat to the well- being of humans due to innumerable clinical implications. There is a potential risk of transmission of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission to humans through raw milk if consumed without maintaining adequate hygienic standards. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA from raw milk samples vis-à-vis their phenotypic and genotypic characterization for antimicrobial resistance pattern and presence of mecA gene in raw milk samples of cattle, buffalo and goat in the Jammu city of Jammu and Kashmir. Samples (60) were subjected to California mastitis test to check for their mastitic status. The organisms were cultured and identified on the basis of their cultural, morphological, staining and various biochemical characteristics. The amplification of the mecA gene generated a product with a band size of 533bp upon agarose gel electrophoresis. The S. aureus prevalence was 60, 52 and 60% in raw milk of cattle, buffalo and goat, respectively. Out of 34 S. aureus isolates, 44.1% were MRSA positive

Functional and structural deficiencies of Gemin5 variants associated with neurological disorders

Dysfunction of RNA-binding proteins is often linked to a wide range of human disease, particularly with neurological conditions. Gemin5 is a member of the survival of the motor neurons (SMN) complex, a ribosome-binding protein and a translation reprogramming factor. Recently, pathogenic mutations in Gemin5 have been reported, but the functional consequences of these variants remain elusive. Here, we report functional and structural deficiencies associated with compound heterozygosity variants within the Gemin5 gene found in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. These clinical variants are located in key domains of Gemin5, the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like dimerization module and the noncanonical RNA-binding site 1 (RBS1). We show that the TPR-like variants disrupt protein dimerization, whereas the RBS1 variant confers protein instability. All mutants are defective in the interaction with protein networks involved in translation and RNA-driven pathways. Importantly, the TPR-like variants fail to associate with native ribosomes, hampering its involvement in translation control and establishing a functional difference with the wild-type protein. Our study provides insights into the molecular basis of disease associated with malfunction of the Gemin5 protei

Charge separation relative to the reaction plane in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}= 2.76 TeV

Measurements of charge dependent azimuthal correlations with the ALICE detector at the LHC are reported for Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV. Two- and three-particle charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta| < 0.8$ are presented as a function of the collision centrality, particle separation in pseudo-rapidity, and transverse momentum. A clear signal compatible with a charge-dependent separation relative to the reaction plane is observed, which shows little or no collision energy dependence when compared to measurements at RHIC energies. This provides a new insight for understanding the nature of the charge dependent azimuthal correlations observed at RHIC and LHC energies.Comment: 12 pages, 3 captioned figures, authors from page 2 to 6, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/286