10 research outputs found
Understanding the Sexual Prejudices of Sexual Orientation Minorities
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/05/2013
- Field of study
Color poster with text and charts.Much of the sexual prejudice research has
focused on understanding the prejudices and
stereotypes of heterosexuals towards nonheterosexuals. Minimal research has examined
the prejudices and stereotypes of nonheterosexuals. The purpose of this study was to find out the stereotypes endorsed by
gay/lesbian and bisexual men and women toward heterosexual, bisexual, and gay/lesbian men and women.University of Wisconsin--Eau Claire Office of Research and Sponsored Programs
Effect of Intrasexual Competition Threats on Sexual Orientation Prejudices
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2014
- Field of study
Color poster with text and graphs.The affordance management perspective (e.g., Neuberg et al., 2011) suggests that human cognition and behavior serve to manage the potential threats and opportunities in the social environment. Applied to sexual orientation prejudices, emotional and behavioral reactions arise from perceptions that some sexual
orientation groups pose certain threats or opportunities to the perceiver. The purpose of this study was to combine the affordance management and fundamental motives approaches to examine how perceived threats and opportunities driving sexual prejudices shift as a function of different fundamental motives of the perceiver.University of Wisconsin--Eau Claire Office of Research and Sponsored Programs
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait Si Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al Younes Hesham M
- Al Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y. O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- B\ue1nhegyi G\ue1bor
- B\ue9chet Daniel M
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T. W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro S\ue9bastien
- Bhatia Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Bourquin Jean Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer Guittaut Micha\uebl
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- BRANCOLINI Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahov\ue1 Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A. M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han Jung
- Chai Chee Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen Chung
- Che Chi Ming
- Chen Ching Chow
- Chen Guang Chao
- Chen Guo Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S. L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih Shen
- Chiou Shih Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong Hyung
- Choi Augustine M. K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung Hsien
- Chueh Sheau Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong Joon
- Chye Mee Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S. B
- Clarke Peter G. H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo Mar\ueda I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo Jos\ue9 L
- Cronj\ue9 Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- D\uedaz Araya Guillermo
- D\uedaz Laviada In\ue9s
- Darfeuille Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A. M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M. D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel J\uf6rn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz Meco Maria T
- Diaz Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marl\ue8ne
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- F\ue9s\ufcs L\ue1szl\uf3
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farr\ue9 Jean Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes Jos\ue9 M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Manero Guillermo
- Garcia Marcos Mikel
- Garcia Lorena
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
- Ginsberg Henry N
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora C\ue9line
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez Cristina
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Rosa Ana
- Gonzalez Rey Elena
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Ale\u161
- Gros Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun Lin
- Guan Kun Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M
- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- H\ue9bert Marie Jose\ue9
- H\uf6hfeld J\uf6rg
- H\uf8yer Hansen Maria
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
- Henske Elizabeth P
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming Huang
- Hood David A
- Hotamisligil G\uf6khan S
- Houwerzijl Ewout J
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien An A
- Hu Hong Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei Pang
- Huber Tobias B
- Huh Won Ki
- Hung Tai Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N. A
- Hussey Patrick J
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 Marja
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
- Jackson William T
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju Hong
- Jeung Eui Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jim\ue9nez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E
- Johnson Gail V. W
- Jones Nicola L
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K
- Joubert Annie M
- Juh\ue1sz G\ue1bor
- Juillerat Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong Keun
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kagedal Katarina
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O
- Kampinga Harm H
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
- Kaushal Gur P
- Kaushik Susmita
- Kawazoe Yoshinori
- Ke Po Yuan
- Kehrl John H
- Kelekar Ameeta
- Kerkhoff Claus
- Kessel David H
- Khalil Hany
- Kiel Jan A. K. W
- Kiger Amy A
- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do Hyung
- Kim Dong Hou
- Kim Eun Kyoung
- Kim Hyung Ryong
- Kim Jae Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
- Kim John K
- Kim Peter K
- Kim Seong Who
- Kim Yong Sun
- Kim Yonghyun
- Kimchi Adi
- Kimmelman Alec C
- King Jason S
- Kinsella Timothy J
- Kirkin Vladimir
- Kirshenbaum Lorrie A
- Kitamoto Katsuhiko
- Kitazato Kaio
- Klein Ludger
- Klimecki Walter T
- Klionsky Daniel J
- Klucken Jochen
- Knecht Erwin
- Ko Ben C. B
- Koch Jan C
- Koga Hiroshi
- Koh Jae Young
- Koh Young Ho
- Koike Masato
- Komatsu Masaaki
- Kominami Eiki
- Kong Hee Jeong
- Kong Wei Jia
- Korolchuk Viktor I
- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I
- Kouri Flores Juan B
- Kov\ue1cs Attila L
- Kr\ue4mer Helmut
- Kr\ufcger Rejko
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz Remy Carole
- Krichevsky Anna M
- Kroemer Guido
- Krut Oleg
- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- L\u151w Peter
- L\ue1szl\uf3 Lajos
- L\uf3pez Ot\uedn Carlos
- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
- Landry Jacques
- Lane Jon D
- Lapaquette Pierre
- Laporte Jocelyn F
- Lavandero Sergio
- Lavoie Jos\ue9e N
- Layfield Robert
- Lazo Pedro A
- Le Cam Laurent
- Le Weidong
- Ledbetter Daniel J
- Lee Alvin J. X
- Lee Byung Wan
- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- Lee Ju Hyun
- Lee Michael
- Lee Myung Shik
- Lee Sug Hyung
- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan Yao
- Lei Qun Ying
- Leib David A
- Leiro Jos\ue9
- Lemasters John J
- Lemoine Antoinette
- Lesniak Maciej S
- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue Jun
- Li Yan bo
- Li Yi Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung Feng
- Liberski Pawel P
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J
- Lim Kah Leong
- Lim Kyu
- Lin Chiou Feng
- Lin Fu Cheng
- Lin Jian
- Lin Jiandie D
- Lin Kui
- Lin Wan Wan
- Lin Weei Chin
- Lin Yi Ling
- Linden Rafael
- Lingor Paul
- Lippincott Schwartz Jennifer
- Lisanti Michael P
- Liton Paloma B
- Liu Bo
- Liu Chun Feng
- Liu Kaiyu
- Liu Leyuan
- Liu Qiong A
- Liu Wei
- Liu Young Chau
- Liu Yule
- Lockshin Richard A
- Lok Chun Nam
- Lonial Sagar
- Loos Benjamin
- Lopez Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
- Lotze Michael T
- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Lukacs Nicholas W
- Lund Anders H
- Lynch Day Melinda A
- M\ufcller Sylke
- M\ufcnger Karl
- M\ufcnz Christian
- Ma Yong
- Macian Fernando
- Mackeigan Jeff P
- Macleod Kay F
- Madeo Frank
- Maiuri Luigi
- Maiuri Maria Chiara
- Malagoli Davide
- Malicdan May Christine V
- Malorni Walter
- Man Na
- Mandelkow Eva Maria
- Manon St\ue9phen
- Manov Irena
- Mao Kai
- Mao Xiang
- Mao Zixu
- Marambaud Philippe
- Marazziti Daniela
- Marcel Yves L
- Marchbank Katie
- Marchetti Piero
- Marciniak Stefan J
- Marcondes Mateus
- Mardi Mohsen
- Marfe Gabriella
- Mari\uf1o Guillermo
- Markaki Maria
- Marten Mark R
- Martin Seamus J
- Martinand Mari Camille
- Martinet Wim
- Martinez Vicente Marta
- Masini Matilde
- Matarrese Paola
- Matsuo Saburo
- Matteoni Raffaele
- Mayer Andreas
- Mazure Nathalie M
- Mcconkey David J
- Mcconnell Melanie J
- Mcdermott Catherine
- Mcdonald Christine
- Mcinerney Gerald M
- Mckenna Sharon L
- Mclaughlin Bethann
- Mclean Pamela J
- Mcmaster Christopher R
- Mcquibban G. Angus
- Meijer Alfred J
- Meisler Miriam H
- Mel\ue9ndez Alicia
- Melia Thomas J
- Melino Gerry
- Mena Maria A
- Menendez Javier A
- Menna Barreto Rubem F. S
- Menon Manoj B
- Menzies Fiona M
- Mercer Carol A
- Merighi Adalberto
- Merry Diane E
- Meschini Stefania
- Meyer Christian G
- Meyer Thomas F
- Miao Chao Yu
- Miao Jun Ying
- Michels Paul A. M
- Michiels Carine
- Mijaljica Dalibor
- Milojkovic Ana
- Minucci Saverio
- Miracco Clelia
- Miranti Cindy K
- Mitroulis Ioannis
- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
- Mograbi Baharia
- Mohseni Simin
- Molero Xavier
- Mollereau Bertrand
- Mollinedo Faustino
- Momoi Takashi
- Monastyrska Iryna
- Monick Martha M
- Monteiro Mervyn J
- Moore Michael N
- Mora Rodrigo
- Moreau Kevin
- Moreira Paula I
- Moriyasu Yuji
- Moscat Jorge
- Mostowy Serge
- Mottram Jeremy C
- Motyl Tomasz
- Moussa Charbel E. H
- Muller Sylviane
- Murphy Leon O
- Murphy Maureen E
- Musar\uf2 Antonio
- Mysorekar Indira
- N\ufcrnberger Thorsten
- Nagata Eiichiro
- Nagata Kazuhiro
- Nahimana Aimable
- Nair Usha
- Nakagawa Toshiyuki
- Nakahira Kiichi
- Nakano Hiroyasu
- Nakatogawa Hitoshi
- Nanjundan Meera
- Naqvi Naweed I
- Narendra Derek P
- Narita Masashi
- Navarro Miguel
- Nawrocki Steffan T
- Nazarko Taras Y
- Nemchenko Andriy
- Netea Mihai G
- Neufeld Thomas P
- Ney Paul A
- Nezis Ioannis P
- Nguyen Huu Phuc
- Nie Daotai
- Nishino Ichizo
- Nislow Corey
- Nixon Ralph A
- Noda Takeshi
- Noegel Angelika A
- Nogalska Anna
- Noguchi Satoru
- Notterpek Lucia
- Novak Ivana
- Nozaki Tomoyoshi
- Nukina Nobuyuki
- Nyfeler Beat
- Obara Keisuke
- Oberley Terry D
- Oddo Salvatore
- Ogawa Michinaga
- Ohashi Toya
- Okamoto Koji
- Oleinick Nancy L
- Oliver F. Javier
- Olsen Laura J
- Olsson Stefan
- Opota Onya
- Osborne Timothy F
- Ostrander Gary K
- Otsu Kinya
- Ou Jing hsiung James
- Ouimet Mireille
- Overholtzer Michael
- Ozpolat Bulent
- P\uf6ggeler Stefanie
- Paganetti Paolo
- Pagnini Ugo
- Pallet Nicolas
- Palmer Glen E
- Palumbo Camilla
- Pan Tianhong
- Panaretakis Theocharis
- Pandey Udai Bhan
- Papackova Zuzana
- Papassideri Issidora
- Paris Irmgard
- Park Junsoo
- Park Ohkmae K
- Parys Jan B
- Parzych Katherine R
- Patschan Susann
- Patterson Cam
- Pattingre Sophie
- Pawelek John M
- Peng Jianxin
- Perlmutter David H
- Perrotta Ida
- Perry George
- Pervaiz Shazib
- Peter Matthias
- Peters Godefridus J
- Petersen Morten
- Petrovski Goran
- Phang James M
- Piacentini Mauro
- Pierre Philippe
- Pierrefite Carle Val\ue9rie
- Pierron G\ue9rard
- Pinkas Kramarski Ronit
- Piras Antonio
- Piri Natik
- Platanias Leonidas C
- Po\ufcs Christian
- Poirot Marc
- Poletti Angelo
- Pozuelo Rubio Mercedes
- Pr\ue6torius Ibba Mette
- Prasad Anil
- Prescott Mark
- Priault Muriel
- Produit Zengaffinen Nathalie
- Progulske Fox Ann
- Proikas Cezanne Tassula
- Przedborski Serge
- Przyklenk Karin
- Puertollano Rosa
- Puyal Julien
- Qian Shu Bing
- Qin Liang
- Qin Zheng Hong
- Quaggin Susan E
- R\ue9gnier Vigouroux Anne
- Raben Nina
- Rabinowich Hannah
- Rabkin Simon W
- Rahman Irfan
- Rami Abdelhaq
- Ramm Georg
- Randall Glenn
- Randow Felix
- Rao V. Ashutosh
- Rathmell Jeffrey C
- Ravikumar Brinda
- Ray Swapan K
- Reed Bruce H
- Reed John C
- Reggiori Fulvio
- Reichert Andreas S
- Reiners John J
- Reiter Russel J
- Ren Jun
- Revuelta Jos\ue9 L
- Rhodes Christopher J
- Ritis Konstantinos
- Rizzo Elizete
- Robbins Jeffrey
- Roberge Michel
- Roca Hernan
- Roccheri Maria C
- Rocchi Stephane
- Rodemann H. Peter
- Rodr\uedguez de C\uf3rdoba Santiago
- Rohrer B\ue4rbel
- Roninson Igor B
- Rosen Kirill
- Rost Roszkowska Magdalena M
- Rouis Mustapha
- Rouschop Kasper M. A
- Rovetta Francesca
- Rubin Brian P
- Rubinsztein David C
- Ruckdeschel Klaus
- Rucker Edmund B
- Rudich Assaf
- Rudolf Emil
- Ruiz Opazo Nelson
- Russo Rossella
- Rusten Tor Erik
- Ryan Kevin M
- Ryter Stefan W
- S\ue1nchez Alc\ue1zar Jos\ue9 A
- S\ue1nchez Prieto Ricardo
- Sabatini David M
- Sadoshima Junichi
- Saha Tapas
- Saitoh Tatsuya
- Sakagami Hiroshi
- Sakai Yasuyoshi
- Salekdeh Ghasem Hoseini
- Salomoni Paolo
- Salvaterra Paul M
- Salvesen Guy
- Salvioli Rosa
- Sanchez Anthony M. J
- Sandri Marco
- Sankar Uma
- Sansanwal Poonam
- Santambrogio Laura
- Saran Shweta
- Sarkar Sovan
- Sarwal Minnie
- Sasakawa Chihiro
- Sasnauskiene Ausra
- Sass Mikl\uf3s
- Sato Ken
- Sato Miyuki
- Sch\ue4tzl Hermann M
- Sch\ufcller Christoph
- Schapira Anthony H. V
- Scharl Michael
- Scheper Wiep
- Schiaffino Stefano
- Schneider Stock Regine
- SCHNEIDER Claudio
- Schneider Marion E
- Schoenlein Patricia V
- Schorderet Daniel F
- Schwartz Gary K
- Scorrano Luca
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- Zheng Xiaoxiang
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- Zhong Qing
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- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei Guo
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- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke J\ufcrgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
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- Casari Giorgio
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- Castino Roberta
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- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
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- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
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- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
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- Chen Guang-Chao
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- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
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- Chin Lih-Shen
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- Choi Augustine MK
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- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
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- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
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- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
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- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
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- Couve Eduardo
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- Dent Paul
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- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
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- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D.
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A.
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- Flajolet Marc
- Flores Juan B. Kouri
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- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
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- Fujii Jun
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- Furukawa Ruth H.
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G.
- Gao Fen-Biao
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- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
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- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L.
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R.
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- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
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- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M.
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N.
- Gibson Spencer B.
- Gilkerson Robert W.
- Ginger Michael L.
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- Golab Jakub
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- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
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- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gonzalez-Rey Elena
- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V.
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D.
- Green Kim N.
- Gregorc Ales
- Gros Frédéric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W.
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun-Lin
- Guan Kun-Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M.
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- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Åsa B.
- Halayko Andrew J.
- Hale Amber N.
- Halonen Sandra K.
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K.
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E.
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L.
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- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A.
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- Helfrich Miep H.
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- Hetz Claudio
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- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J.
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G.
- Holyoake Tessa L.
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A.
- Hotamisligil Gökhan S.
- Houwerzijl Ewout J.
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien-an A.
- Hu Hong-Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei-Pang
- Huber Tobias B.
- Huh Won-Ki
- Hung Tai-Ho
- Hupp Ted R.
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B.
- Hussain Sabah N.A.
- Hussey Patrick J.
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Hébert Marie-Josée
- Höhfeld Jörg
- Høyer-Hansen Maria
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- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
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- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L.
- Ip Nancy Y.
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
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- Jackson George R.
- Jackson William T.
- Janji Bassam
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- Jin Meiyan
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- Johnson Daniel E.
- Johnson Gail V.W.
- Jones Nicola L.
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K.
- Joubert Annie M.
- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong-Keun
- Jäättelä Marja
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O.
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- Kang Chanhee
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- Kim Jin Cheon
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- Koukourakis Michael I.
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- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
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- Kroemer Guido
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- Kuan Chia-Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
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- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing-Jien
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- Kågedal Katarina
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- Levy Efrat
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- Li Xue-Jun
- Li Yan-Bo
- Li Yi-Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung-Feng
- Liberski Pawel P.
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J.
- Lim Kah-Leong
- Lim Kyu
- Lin Chiou-Feng
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- Lin Kui
- Lin Wan-Wan
- Lin Weei-Chin
- Lin Yi-Ling
- Linden Rafael
- Lingor Paul
- Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer
- Lisanti Michael P.
- Liton Paloma B.
- Liu Bo
- Liu Chun-Feng
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- Yang Jin-Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
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- Yang Wei Yuan
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- Yao Meng-Chao
- Yao Tso-Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei-Lien
- Yin Jia-jing
- Yin Xiao-Ming
- Yoo Ook-Joon
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- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
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- You Ho Jin
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- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong-Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi-Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol-Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh III Herbert J.
- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J.
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
- Edinger Aimee L.
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S.
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M.
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D.
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356
- Author
- Abdelmohsen Kotb
- Abe Akihisa
- Abedin Md Joynal
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Adachi Hiroaki
- Adams Christopher M.
- Adams Peter D.
- Adeli Khosrow
- Adhihetty Peter J.
- Adler Sharon G.
- Agam Galila
- Agarwal Rajesh
- Aghi Manish K.
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguilar Patricia V.
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio
- Airoldi Edoardo M.
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akporiaye Emmanuel T.
- Al-Rubeai Mohamed
- Albaiceta Guillermo M.
- Albanese Chris
- Albani Diego
- Albert Matthew L.
- Aldudo Jesus
- Algül Hana
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Alloza Iraide
- Almasan Alexandru
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- Stork Björn
- Stratoulias Vassilis
- Stravopodis Dimitrios J.
- Strnad Pavel
- Strohecker Anne Marie
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- Ström Anna-Lena
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- Su Yu-Xiong
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- Suh Sang Won
- Sui Xinbing
- Sukseree Supawadee
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- Tan Cai-Ping
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- Tan Ming
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- Tanaka Keiji
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- Torriglia Alicia
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- Tournier Cathy
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- Wang Mei
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- Weis Simone Nardin
- Wen Longping
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- Westermann Benedikt
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- Wildenberg Manon E.
- Wileman Tom
- Wilkinson Deepti Srinivas
- Wilkinson Simon
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- Xu Feng
- Xu Haoxing
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- Xu Jian
- Xu Jianzhen
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- Xu Liang
- Xu Xiaolei
- Xu Yangqing
- Xu Ye
- Xu Zhi-Xiang
- Xu Ziheng
- Xue Yu
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- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamanaka Koji
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashiro Shigeko
- Yan Bing
- Yan Bo
- Yan Xianghua
- Yan Zhen
- Yanagi Yasuo
- Yang Dun-Sheng
- Yang Jin-Ming
- Yang Liu
- Yang Minghua
- Yang Pei-Ming
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- Yang Qian
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- Yang Ying
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- Yao Pamela J.
- Yao Xiaofeng
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- Yasui Linda S.
- Ye Mingxiang
- Yedvobnick Barry
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yeh Elizabeth S.
- Yeyati Patricia L.
- Yi Fan
- Yi Long
- Yin Xiao-Ming
- Yip Calvin K.
- Yoo Yeong-Min
- Yoo Young Hyun
- Yoon Seung-Yong
- Yoshida Ken-Ichi
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Young Ken H.
- Yu Huixin
- Yu Jane J.
- Yu Jin-Tai
- Yu Jun
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- Yu W. Haung
- Yu Xiao-Fang
- Yu Zhengping
- Yuan Junying
- Yuan Zhi-Min
- Yue Beatrice Y. J. T.
- Yue Jianbo
- Yue Zhenyu
- Zacks David N.
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zaglia Tania
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zecchini Vincent
- Zeng Jinsheng
- Zeng Min
- Zeng Qi
- Zervos Antonis S.
- Zhang Donna D.
- Zhang Fan
- Zhang Guo
- Zhang Guo-Chang
- Zhang Hao
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hongbing
- Zhang Jian
- Zhang Jiangwei
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Li
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xiangnan
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhang Yan
- Zhang Yang
- Zhang Yanjin
- Zhang Yingmei
- Zhang Yunjiao
- Zhao Mei
- Zhao Wei-Li
- Zhao Xiaonan
- Zhao Yan G.
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Yongchao
- Zhao Yu-Xia
- Zhao Zhendong
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Dexian
- Zheng Xi-Long
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Guang-Zhou
- Zhou Guofei
- Zhou Huiping
- Zhou Shu-Feng
- Zhou Xu-Jie
- Zhu Hongxin
- Zhu Hua
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Wenhua
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Yuhua
- Zhuang Shi-Mei
- Zhuang Xiaohong
- Ziparo Elio
- Zois Christos E.
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zughaier Susu M.
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2016
- Field of study
non present
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)
- Author
- Abdelmohsen Kotb
- Abe Akihisa
- Abedin Md Joynal
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Adachi Hiroaki
- Adams Christopher M.
- Adams Peter D.
- Adeli Khosrow
- Adhihetty Peter J.
- Adler Sharon G.
- Agam Galila
- Agarwal Rajesh
- Aghi Manish K.
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguilar Patricia V.
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio
- Airoldi Edoardo M.
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akporiaye Emmanuel T.
- Al-Rubeai Mohamed
- Albaiceta Guillermo M.
- Albanese Chris
- Albani Diego
- Albert Matthew L.
- Aldudo Jesus
- Alguel Hana
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Alloza Iraide
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Beceril Maylin
- Alnemri Emad S.
- Alonso Covadonga
- Altan-Bonnet Nihal
- Altieri Dario C.
- Alvarez Silvia
- Alvarez-Erviti Lydia
- Alves Sandro
- Amadoro Giuseppina
- Amano Atsuo
- Amantini Consuelo
- Ambrosio Santiago
- Amelio Ivano
- Amer Amal O.
- Amessou Mohamed
- Amon Angelika
- An Zhenyi
- Ana Gonzalez-Polo Rosa
- Anania Frank A.
- Andersen Stig U.
- Andley Usha P.
- Andreadi Catherine K.
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Anel Alberto
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Antonioli Manuela
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Aquila Saveria
- Aquilano Katia
- Araki Koichi
- Arama Eli
- Aranda Agustin
- Araya Jun
- Arcaro Alexandre
- Arias Esperanza
- Arimoto Hirokazu
- Ariosa Aileen R.
- Armstrong Jane L.
- Arnould Thierry
- Arozena Abraham Acevedo
- Arsov Ivica
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Askanas Valerie
- Asselin Eric
- Atarashi Ryuichiro
- Atherton Sally S.
- Atkin Julie D.
- Attardi Laura D.
- Auberger Patrick
- Auburger Georg
- Aurelian Laure
- Autelli Riccardo
- Avagliano Laura
- Avantaggiati Maria Laura
- Avrahami Limor
- Awale Suresh
- Azad Neelam
- Bachetti Tiziana
- Backer Jonathan M.
- Bae Dong-Hun
- Bae Jae-Sung
- Bae Ok-Nam
- Bae Soo Han
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Baek Seung-Hoon
- Baghdiguian Stephen
- Bagniewska-Zadworna Agnieszka
- Bai Hua
- Bai Jie
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Balaji Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Balzan Rena
- Banerjee Rajkumar
- Banhegyi Gabor
- Bao Haijun
- Barbato Daniele Lettieri
- Barbeau Benoit
- Barrachina Maria D.
- Barreiro Esther
- Bartel Bonnie
- Bartolome Alberto
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bassi Maria Teresa
- Bast Robert C., Jr.
- Basu Alakananda
- Batista Maria Teresa
- Batoko Henri
- Battino Maurizio
- Bauckman Kyle
- Baumgarner Bradley L.
- Bayer K. Ulrich
- Beale Rupert
- Beaulieu Jean-Francois
- Beck George R., Jr.
- Becker Christoph
- Beckham J. David
- Bedard Pierre-Andre
- Bednarski Patrick J.
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Behrens Georg M. N.
- Behrns Kevin E.
- Bejarano Eloy
- Belaid Amine
- Belleudi Francesca
- Benard Giovanni
- Berchem Guy
- Bergamaschi Daniele
- Bergami Matteo
- Berkhout Ben
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernard Amelie
- Bernard Monique
- Bernassola Francesca
- Bertolotti Anne
- Bess Amanda S.
- Besteiro Sebastien
- Bettuzzi Saverio
- Bhalla Savita
- Bhattacharyya Shalmoli
- Bhutia Sujit K.
- Biagosch Caroline
- Bianchi Michele Wolfe
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Billes Viktor
- Bincoletto Claudia
- Bingol Baris
- Bird Sara W.
- Bitoun Marc
- Bjedov Ivana
- Blackstone Craig
- Blanc Lionel
- Blanco Guillermo A.
- Blomhoff Heidi Kiil
- Boada-Romero Emilio
- Boeckler Stefan
- Boes Marianne
- Boesze-Battaglia Kathleen
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bolino Alessandra
- Boman Andrea
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Bordi Matteo
- Bosch Jurgen
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- Bouchecareilh Marion
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- Boulton Michael E.
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- Boya Patricia
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- Braga Vania M. M.
- Brancolini Claudio
- Braus Gerhard H.
- Bravo-San Pedro Jose M.
- Brennan Lisa A.
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo Regina Celia
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bringer Marie-Agnes
- Brini Marisa
- Brito Glauber C.
- Brodin Bertha
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brown Karen
- Broxmeyer Hal E.
- Bruhat Alain
- Brum Patricia Chakur
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Bryson-Richardson Robert J.
- Buch Shilpa
- Buchan Alastair M.
- Budak Hikmet
- Buetikofer Peter
- Bulavin Dmitry V.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Bumbasirevic Vladimir
- Burelle Yan
- Burke Robert E.
- Burmeister Margit
- Caberlotto Laura
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahova Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jingjing
- Cai Qian
- Calatayud Sara
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campbell Grant R.
- Campbell Matthew
- Campello Silvia
- Candau Robin
- Caniggia Isabella
- Cantoni Lavinia
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Caraglia Michele
- Cardinali Claudio
- Cardoso Sandra Morais
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carleton Laura A.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carloni Silvia
- Carlsson Sven R.
- Carmona-Gutierrez Didac
- Carneiro Leticia A. M.
- Carnevali Oliana
- Carra Serena
- Carrier Alice
- Carroll Bernadette
- Casas Caty
- Casas Josefina
- Cassinelli Giuliana
- Castets Perrine
- Castro-Obregon Susana
- Cavallini Gabriella
- Ceccherini Isabella
- Cecconi Francesco
- Cederbaum Arthur I.
- Cena Valentin
- Cenci Simone
- Cerella Claudia
- Cervia Davide
- Cetrullo Silvia
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chagin Andrei S.
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chakrabarti Gopal
- Chamilos Georgios
- Chan Edmond Y. W.
- Chan Matthew T. V.
- Chandra Dhyan
- Chandra Pallavi
- Chang Chih-Peng
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Chang Ta Yuan
- Chatham John C.
- Chatterjee Saurabh
- Chauhan Santosh
- Che Yongsheng
- Cheetham Michael E.
- Cheluvappa Rajkumar
- Chen Chun-Jung
- Chen Gang
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guoqiang
- Chen Hongzhuan
- Chen Jeff W.
- Chen Jian-Kang
- Chen Min
- Chen Mingzhou
- Chen Peiwen
- Chen Qi
- Chen Quan
- Chen Shang-Der
- Chen Si
- Chen Steve S-L
- Chen Wei
- Chen Wei-Jung
- Chen Wen Qiang
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Yau-Hung
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yin
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongshun
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Yue-Qin
- Chen Yujie
- Chen Zhen
- Chen Zhong
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K.
- Cheng Hua
- Cheong Heesun
- Cherry Sara
- Chesney Jason
- Cheung Chun Hei Antonio
- Chevet Eric
- Chi Hsiang Cheng
- Chi Sung-Gil
- Chiacchiera Fulvio
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiariello Mario
- Chieppa Marcello
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiong Mario
- Chiu Gigi N. C.
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Cho Ssang-Goo
- Cho William C.
- Cho Yong-Yeon
- Cho Young-Seok
- Choi Augustine M. K.
- Choi Eui-Ju
- Choi Eun-Kyoung
- Choi Jayoung
- Choi Mary E.
- Choi Seung-Il
- Chou Tsui-Fen
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chow Kuan-Chih
- Chowdhury Kamal
- Chu Charleen T.
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chun Taehoon
- Chung Hyewon
- Chung Taijoon
- Chung Yuen-Li
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Cianfanelli Valentina
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciechomska Iwona A.
- Ciriolo Maria Rosa
- Cirone Mara
- Claerhout Sofie
- Clague Michael J.
- Claria Joan
- Clarke Peter G. H.
- Clarke Robert
- Clementi Emilio
- Cleyrat Cedric
- Cnop Miriam
- Coccia Eliana M.
- Cocco Tiziana
- Codogno Patrice
- Coers Joern
- Cohen Ezra E. W.
- Colecchia David
- Coletto Luisa
- Coll Nuria S.
- Colucci-Guyon Emma
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Cook Katherine L.
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- Cooper Cynthia D.
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- Coppens Isabelle
- Corasaniti Maria Tiziana
- Corazzari Marco
- Corbalan Ramon
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- Cordero Mario D.
- Corral-Ramos Cristina
- Corti Olga
- Cossarizza Andrea
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Cottet Sandra
- Couve Eduardo
- Covey Lori R.
- Cowart L. Ashley
- Cox Jeffery S.
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Coyne Carolyn B.
- Cragg Mark S.
- Craven Rolf J.
- Crepaldi Tiziana
- Crespo Jose L.
- Criollo Alfredo
- Crippa Valeria
- Cruz Maria Teresa
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cuezva Jose M.
- Cui Taixing
- Cutillas Pedro R.
- Czaja Mark J.
- Czyzyk-Krzeska Maria F.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- D'Orazi Gabriella
- Dagda Ruben K.
- Dahmen Uta
- Dai Chunsun
- Dai Wenjie
- Dai Yun
- Dalby Kevin N.
- Dalmasso Guillaume
- Damme Markus
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Dargemont Catherine
- Darley-Usmar Victor M.
- Dasarathy Srinivasan
- Dasgupta Biplab
- Dash Srikanta
- Dass Crispin R.
- Davey Hazel Marie
- Davids Lester M.
- Davila David
- Davis Roger J.
- Dawson Ted M.
- Dawson Valina L.
- Daza Paula
- de Belleroche Jackie
- de Figueiredo Paul
- de la Fuente Jose
- De Martino Luisa
- De Matteis Antonella
- De Meyer Guido
- De Milito Angelo
- De Santi Mauro
- de Souza Wanderley
- De Tata Vincenzo
- De Zio Daniela
- Debnath Jayanta
- Dechant Reinhard
- Decuypere Jean-Paul
- Deegan Shane
- Dehay Benjamin
- Del Bello Barbara
- Del Re Dominic P.
- Delage-Mourroux Regis
- Delbridge Lea M. D.
- Deldicque Louise
- Delorme-Axford Elizabeth
- Deng Yizhen
- Dengjel Joern
- Denizot Melanie
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- Der Channing J.
- Deretic Vojo
- Derrien Benoit
- Deutsch Eric
- Devarenne Timothy P.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Bartolomeo Sabrina
- Di Daniele Nicola
- Di Domenico Fabio
- Di Nardo Alessia
- Di Paola Simone
- Di Pietro Antonio
- Di Renzo Livia
- DiAntonio Aaron
- Diaz-Araya Guillermo
- Diaz-Laviada Ines
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dickey Chad A.
- Dickson Robert C.
- Diederich Marc
- Digard Paul
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithrama P.
- Ding Chan
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Ding Zufeng
- Dini Luciana
- Distler Joerg H. W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dmytruk Kostyantyn
- Dobson Renwick C. J.
- Doetsch Volker
- Dokladny Karol
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Donadelli Massimo
- Dong X. Charlie
- Dong Xiaonan
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- Doran Kelly S.
- Dorn Gerald W., II
- dos Santos Claudia Nunes
- Dosenko Victor
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- Dumit Veronica I.
- Duncan Mara C.
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- Zhu Yuhua
- Zhuang Shi-Mei
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- Zughaier Susu M.
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2016
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdelhaq Rami
- Abhinav Diwan
- Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
- Adalberto Merighi
- Adi Kimchi
- Adrian L. Harris
- Agnieszka Sirko
- Ahlberg J
- Ai Yamamoto
- Aimable Nahimana
- Aimee L. Edinger
- Aimin Wang
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Akio Kihara
- Akitsugu Yamamoto
- Aksam EB
- Alan Cheng
- Albert R. La Spada
- Alberto Jiménez
- Alec C. Kimmelman
- Ales Gregorc
- Alessandro Fanzani
- Alexander J. Whitworth
- Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki
- Alexandru Almasan
- Alexei Degterev
- Alexei Terman
- Alfred J. Meijer
- Alicia Meléndez
- Alison Simmons
- Allan B. Caplan
- Allan Tsung
- Allen Kaasik
- Alvin J.X. Lee
- Amal O. Amer
- Amber N. Hale
- Ameeta Kelekar
- Amy A. Kiger
- Ana Brennand
- Ana Coto-Montes
- Ana Maria Cuervo
- Ana Milojkovic
- Anas Younes
- Anastasis Stephanou
- Anders H. Lund
- Andrea Ballabio
- Andreas Brech
- Andreas Mayer
- Andreas S. Reichert
- Andreas Wyttenbach
- Andrei L. Gartel
- Andrew J. Halayko
- Andrew Lieberman
- Andrew Thorburn
- Andriy A. Sibirny
- Andriy Nemchenko
- Angelika A. Noegel
- Angelo De Milito
- Angelo Poletti
- Anil K. Sood
- Anil Prasad
- Ann Progulske-Fox
- Anna Katharina Simon
- Anna M. Giammarioli
- Anna M. Krichevsky
- Anna Nogalska
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Anne Régnier-Vigouroux
- Anne Simonsen
- Annie M. Joubert
- Anthony H.V. Schapira
- Anthony M.J. Sanchez
- Antoinette Lemoine
- Antonio Musarò
- Antonio Piras
- Antonio Zorzano
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- Franco Fortunato
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- Frédéric Bost
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- Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Gabriella Marfe
- Gail V.W. Johnson
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- Giusti C
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- Glenn Randall
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- Hiroshi Aoki
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- Serge Mostowy
- Serge Przedborski
- Sergio Comincini
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- Sergio P. Bydlowski
- Seung-Yong Yoon
- Seungmin Hwang
- Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
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- Stefano Schiaffino
- Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Stephan T. Stern
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- Tomohiro Kabuta
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- Tomoki Chiba
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- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M
- Al-Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Bánhegyi Gábor
- Béchet Daniel M
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
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- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S-L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
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- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
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- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine M K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S B
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- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo María I
- Comincini Sergio
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- Coombs Graham H
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- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo José L
- Cronjé Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
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- D'Amelio Marcello
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- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
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- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A M
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- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
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- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
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- Dent Paul
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- Desai Shyamal D
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- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
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- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
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- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
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- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N Tony
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- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farré Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez-McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
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- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
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- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
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- Ghavami Saeid
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- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
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- Golab Jakub
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- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
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- Gonzalez Ramon
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- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Aleš
- Gros Frédéric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun-Lin
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- Guichard Sylvie M
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- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
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- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J Wade
- Harris Adrian L
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- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin-ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You-Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
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- Herman Brian
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- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A
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- Huang Ju
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- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N A
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- Hwang Seungmin
- Hébert Marie-Joseé
- Höhfeld Jörg
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- Ichihara Atsuhiro
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- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken-ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
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- Jackson George R
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- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju-Hong
- Jeung Eui-Bae
- Jiang Hong
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- Jiang Xuejun
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- Jiménez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
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- Johnson Daniel E
- Johnson Gail V W
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- Joseph Bertrand
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- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
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- Jäättelä Marja
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- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
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- Kang Yoon-A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
- Kaushal Gur P
- Kaushik Susmita
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- Ke Po-Yuan
- Kehrl John H
- Kelekar Ameeta
- Kerkhoff Claus
- Kessel David H
- Khalil Hany
- Kiel Jan A K W
- Kiger Amy A
- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do-Hyung
- Kim Dong-Hou
- Kim Eun-Kyoung
- Kim Hyung-Ryong
- Kim Jae-Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
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- Kim Yonghyun
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- Lee Myung-Shik
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- Levy Efrat
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- Lim Kah-Leong
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- Lin Yi-Ling
- Linden Rafael
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In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field