(±)-9-exo-Amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,8-methano-9H-benzocyclohepten-8-ol Hydrochloride

This is the published version, also available here: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567740878004458

Evaluation of fixed sources of variation and estimation of genetic parameters for incidence of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves and feedlot cattle

The primary objective of this study was to estimate variance components and heritability of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) incidence in beef calves before weaning and during the finishing phase. The second objective was to investigate the impact of BRD incidence and treatment frequency on performance and carcass traits. Bovine respiratory disease is the biggest and most costly health challenge facing the cattle industry. The 2 populations used consisted of 1,519 preweaned calves and 3,277 head of feedlot cattle. The incidence rate of BRD in preweaned calves was 11.39%, and among treated cattle, 82.1% were treated once, 13.9% were treated twice, and 4.0% were treated 3 times or more. The incidence of BRD (P = 0.35) and the number of treatments (P = 0.77) had no significant effect on weaning BW. Heritability estimates of the entire preweaned population for BRD resistance and number of treatments were 0.11 ± 0.06 and 0.08 ± 0.05, respectively. The genetic correlation estimates for BRD incidence with weaning BW and birth BW were low (−0.02 ± 0.32 and 0.07 ± 0.27, respectively). The same estimate for the number of BRD treatments with weaning BW and birth BW was 0.25 ± 0.35 and 0.30 ± 0.27, respectively. The observed BRD incidence rate for feedlot cattle was observed at 9.43%. Incidence of BRD significantly (P \u3c 0.01) decreased overall and acclimation ADG by 0.06 ± 0.01 kg/d and 0.28 ± 0.03 kg/d, respectively. Carcass traits were also significantly (P \u3c 0.05) affected by BRD incidence; untreated cattle had a 9.1 ± 1.7-kg heavier HCW. Results were similar in the analysis of treatment frequency. The heritability estimate of BRD incidence and the number of treatments were 0.07 ± 0.04 and 0.02 ± 0.03, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations of BRD incidence with production traits were −0.63 ± 0.22 for acclimation ADG, −0.04 ± 0.23 for on-test ADG, −0.31 ± 0.21 for overall ADG, −0.39 ± 0.21 for final BW, −0.22 ± 0.22 for HCW, −0.03 ± 0.22 for LM area, 0.24 ± 0.25 for fat, and −0.43 ± 0.20 for marbling score. Similar results for the number of treatments and production traits were −1.00 ± 0.68 for acclimation ADG, −0.04 ± 0.39 for on-test ADG, −0.47 ± 0.41 for overall ADG, −0.66 ± 0.40 for final BW, −0.58 ± 0.45 for HCW, −0.12 ± 0.38 for LM area, 0.42 ± 0.50 for fat, and −0.32 ± 0.37 for marbling score. Because of the high economic cost associated with BRD incidence, even these modest estimates for heritability of BRD resistance should be considered for incorporation into beef cattle breeding programs

Assessment and Recommendations of Compounding Education in AACP Member Institutions

In August 2009, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Council of Sections established a Task Force to assess the current status of compounding education at its member institutions and to provide recommendations for future direction. The Task Force conducted a survey in late June 2010 of faculty members enrolled in the AACP Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice sections to gain qualitative information of the current state of compounding education. The survey results were then organized around eight curricular topics for which the Task Force members provided interpretations and recommendations. A final report was sent to the AACP Council of Sections on February 15, 2011. This publication provides the information contained in that final report to the professional community

Secondary School Transition and the Use of Different Sources of Information for the Construction of the Academic Self‐concept

This study focuses on processes involved in students' academic self‐concept constructions before, during, and after secondary school transition. The study is based on a four‐wave longitudinal dataset (N = 1953). Structural equation modeling showed that during school transition, the impact of grades on students' academic self‐concepts in Math and English decreased whereas the effects of maternal competence perceptions increased. After the transition, the effects of grades increased, while the effects maternal competence beliefs decreased again. The results are interpreted in terms of differential emphasizing of sources of information for students' self‐concept construction. During school transition, elementary school grades lost informational value for self‐evaluations due to the changed frame of reference. To secure stable and valid self‐assessments, students emphasized other sources than grades; in this, case information obtained through parental competence appraisals. After transition, when valid grades were available for the students' constructions again, the temporarily heightened parental influence decreased again.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92444/1/j.1467-9507.2011.00635.x.pd

NPR3 and NPR4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant immune signal produced upon pathogen challenge to induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR). It is the only major plant hormone for which the receptor has not been firmly identified. SAR in Arabidopsis requires the transcription cofactor NPR1 (nonexpresser of PR genes 1), whose degradation serves as a molecular switch for SAR. Here we show that NPR1 paralogues, NPR3 and NPR4, are SA receptors that bind SA with different affinities and function as adaptors of the Cullin 3 ubiquitin E3 ligase to mediate NPR1 degradation in an SA-regulated manner. Accordingly, the npr3 npr4 mutant accumulates higher levels of NPR1 and is insensitive to SAR induction. Moreover, this mutant is defective in pathogen effector-triggered programmed cell death and immunity. Our study reveals the mechanism of SA perception in determining cell death and survival in response to pathogen challenge

Well-being in post-primary schools in Ireland: the assessment and contribution of character strengths

Enhancing the well-being of primary and post-primary students is one of the priorities of the Department of Education and Skills in Ireland. Whilst interventions are being implemented across the board, little is known about the current levels of adolescents’ well-being. Drawing from research on positive education, in the current study well-being was assessed amongst 2822 adolescents, aged 12–19 in Ireland, using the PERMA profiler [Butler, J., and M. L. Kern. (2016). “The PERMA-Profiler: A Brief Multidimensional Measure of Flourishing.” International Journal of Wellbeing 6 (3): 1–48. doi:10.5502/ijw. v6i3.526] and “VIA-Youth Survey” [VIA Character (2014). http://www. viacharacter.org/www/Research-Old2/Psychometric-Data-VIA-Youth-Survey]. Mann–Whitney U-test and multiple regression analyses were conducted in the examination of age and sex differences in students’ well-being scores, and the prediction of the contribution of character-strength-development to well-being. The results showed that students’ well-being decreased steadily from the first year, through to the middle and senior years of post-primary school. Furthermore, in comparison to males, females reported lower levels of wellbeing across the board, and higher levels of negative emotions and loneliness. Finally, the underuse of character strengths predicted lower levels of well-being in Irish schools. Implications for practice include the importance of customising well-being programmes across different schools and age groups, as well as the potential for the incorporation of psychological tests to evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions

Development of asymmetric catalysts based on planar-chiral [pi]-complxes of nigrogen heterocycles with iron

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 1999.In title, "[pi]" appears as the lower-case Greek letter on t.p.Includes bibliographical references.A new approach to introducing asymmetry into nucleophilic catalysts while minimizing steric bulk in the vicinity of the nucleophilic atom was explored. Because many of the most effective nucleophilic catalysts have planar structures (e.g., 4- (dimethylamino)pyridine, pyridine, and imidazole), we were interested in the synthesis of chiral analogs of these catalysts. Since the nucleophilic atom in each of these molecules is sp2-hybridized, this goal presented a challenge. Steric bulk in the vicinity of the nitrogen atom would decrease its nucleophilicity, but some steric bulk was needed to establish asymmetry. Rather than focusing on molecules containing a necessarily bulky tertiary stereogenic center in the 2-position of the heterocycle, we investigated planar-chiral pi-complexes of 2-substituted heterocycles with cyclopentadienyliron fragments. We viewed the chirality of these complexes as being derived from effective differentiation of left from right (substituent vs. H) and of top from bottom (void vs. metal fragment). Although several iron complexes with pyrroles were known (azaferrocenes), we found that these complexes lacked the stability desired in a catalyst. We discovered that the use of the pentamethykyclopentadienyliron (Cp*-Fe) fragment resulted in pyrrolyl complexes with enhanced stability over their Cp analogs. A route to an enantiopure pyrrolyl-Fe-Cp* complex was discovered. Although initial reactivity studies indicated that the azaferrocene-derived complexes could serve as nucleophilic catalysts, their reactivity was not as high as we had hoped, so complexes containing pyrindine-derived ligands were also synthesized. Because the parent pyrindinyl-Fe-Cp* complex was found to be only a weak catalyst, we developed a synthesis of 4-(dimethylamino)pyrindine and prepared its pentamethylcyclopentadienyliron complex. We viewed this complex as a chiral analog of DMAP and demonstrated that it was active as a catalyst for acylation of alcohols with acetic anhydride, acylation of alcohols with diketene, cyanosilylation of aldehydes with triethylsilylcyanide, and addition of alcohols to ketenes. The DMAP analog was resolved by chiral HPLC, but resulted in a disappointing selectivity when used as a catalyst for the kinetic resolution of 1-phenylethanol by acylation with acetic anhydride. By using the pentaphenylcyclopentadienyliron fragment, a new chiral DMAP derivative was prepared with increased top-bottom differentiation. The pentaphenyl derivative was found to be very effective as a catalyst for asymmetric acylation of alcohols with acetic anhydride, particularly when the reactions were conducted with a tertiary alcohol as the solvent. Experiments were performed to explore the substrate scope and mechanism of this reaction. Arylalkylcarbinols and certain allylic alcohols were found to be acylated with high selectivity. An X-ray crystal structure was determined for an N-acylpyridinium salt of the catalyst. The rearrangement of certain 0-acylated enolates to beta-dicarbonyls was also shown to be catalyzed by our planar-chiral pi-complexes. A chiral analog of PPY was synthesized and found to be the catalyst of choice for this oxygen-to-carbon acyl transfer reaction. Enol carbonates derived from the 0-acylation of azlactones were the best substrates for this reaction, rearranging in high yield and with excellent enantiomeric excess at the newly-formed quarnary stereocenter. The products of this carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction were ring opened with alcohols and amines to form the corresponding esters and amides and with sodium borohydride to form a protected alpha-methylserine. Preliminary mechanistic and kinetic studies indicated that the catalyst is acylated in the resting state of this reaction.by James Craig Ruble.Ph.D