Cyanobacterial Emissions Of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds: Impacts On The Remote Marine Atmosphere

Atmospheric emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) have implications for climate change through the potential to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA) as well as their ability to impact the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. Despite the importance of BVOCs, there have been relatively few measurements conducted in remote locations where biogenic sources dominate, leading to a discrepancy between modeled and observed SOA yields. Recent evidence has suggested that marine phytoplankton can produce BVOCs, which may be an unaccounted source in aerosol models. This work discusses the results of atmospheric VOC measurements over the North Atlantic Ocean during May 2017. Whole air canister samples were collected along a transect through the North Atlantic from Woods Hole, MA to Bermuda and back with 24 hour stops at nine stations encompassing different cyanobacterial populations. Analysis of selected BVOCs indicated an additional biogenic source of toluene and other BVOCs such as isoprene, with high mixing ratios correlating with a Synechococcus bloom event encountered at station 9. The elevated mixing ratios identified at station 9 were found to increase both hydroxyl reactivities and potential SOA yields compared to the dataset, indicating marine cyanobacteria emissions of VOCs may have a large impact on marine environments

Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy for atomic-resolution studies of functional oxides

Electron microscopy has undergone a major revolution in the past few years because of the practical implementation of correctors for the parasitic lens aberrations that otherwise limit resolution. This has been particularly significant for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and now allows electron beams to be produced with a spot size of well below 1 Å, sufficient to resolve inter-atomic spacings in most crystal structures. This means that the advantages of STEM, relatively straightforward interpretation of images and highly localised analysis through electron energy-loss spectroscopy, can now be applied with atomic resolution to all kinds of materials and nanostructures. As this review shows, this is revolutionising our understanding of functional oxide ceramics, thin films, heterostructures and nanoparticles. This includes quantitative analysis of structures with picometre precision, mapping of electric polarisation at the unit cell scale, and mapping of chemistry and bonding on an atom-by-atom basis. This is also now providing the kind of high quality data that are very complementary to density functional theory (DFT) modelling, and combined DFT/microscopy studies are now providing deep insights into the structure and electronic structure of oxide nanostructures. Finally, some suggestions are made as to the prospects for further advances in our atomistic understanding of such materials as a consequence of recent technical advances in spectroscopy and imaging