The demonstration of the invariant lipid-free composition and the mechanism varying energy and the main components of some mammal meats consisting of muscle and adipose tissue

Background: The assumption of an invariant fat-free or lipid-free composition is prerequisite for most methods of the estimation of body composition in mammals including human but has not been theoretically demonstrated.
Objective: To demonstrate theoretically and practically the invariant lipid-free composition and to understand the mechanism varying the main components of muscle and adipose tissue which have intimate relationships to lipid accumulation or obesity in mammals. 
Design: Whether the combinations of correlations among energy and main components in the hypothetical lipid-ratio variation model (L-varied model), which reflects the invariant lipid-free composition, are consistent with those in the practical mammal meats? Do lipid-ratio variation (L-varied) equations based on L-varied model agree closely with the corresponding regression equations of energy and main components on lipid content in their meats? We designed to solve these questions and compare those results. 
Results: These combinations of their correlations between the theoretical model and practical meats stated above were consistent with each other. And the L-varied equations were consistent with the regression equations stated above. 
Conclusion: It is clarified that variation in energy reserves and main components, at least moisture, protein, and ash in them follow L-varied model. Consequently, for the first time we clearly demonstrated here that the assumption of an invariant lipid-free composition is valid in skeletal muscles and peripheral adipose tissues of some mammals

On Degrees of Freedom in Defining and Testing Natural Language Understanding

Natural language understanding (NLU) studies often exaggerate or underestimate the capabilities of systems, thereby limiting the reproducibility of their findings. These erroneous evaluations can be attributed to the difficulty of defining and testing NLU adequately. In this position paper, we reconsider this challenge by identifying two types of researcher degrees of freedom. We revisit Turing's original interpretation of the Turing test and indicate that an NLU test does not provide an operational definition; it merely provides inductive evidence that the test subject understands the language sufficiently well to meet stakeholder objectives. In other words, stakeholders are free to arbitrarily define NLU through their objectives. To use the test results as inductive evidence, stakeholders must carefully assess if the interpretation of test scores is valid or not. However, designing and using NLU tests involve other degrees of freedom, such as specifying target skills and defining evaluation metrics. As a result, achieving consensus among stakeholders becomes difficult. To resolve this issue, we propose a validity argument, which is a framework comprising a series of validation criteria across test components. By demonstrating that current practices in NLU studies can be associated with those criteria and organizing them into a comprehensive checklist, we prove that the validity argument can serve as a coherent guideline for designing credible test sets and facilitating scientific communication.Comment: Accepted to Findings of ACL 202

Donor species complement after liver xenotransplantation: The mechanism of protection from hyperacute rejection

Hamster hearts transplanted into stable rat recipients of hamster livers (OLT rats) were hyperacutely rejected after transfer with unaltered rat antihamster hyperimmune serum (HS). This was followed by immediate liver xenograft rejection in 4 of 5 rats. In contrast, simple heat inactivation of the rat HS resulted in prolonged survival of hamster hearts to 25 days without deterioration effect in the liver xenografts. This effect was species-specific because third-party mouse heart grafts in OLT rats were hyperacutely rejected in minutes if either active or heat inactivated antimouse HS was given. In cytotoxicity experiments, the complement in OLT serum produced weak lysis of hamster lymphocytes, while efficiently doing so with mouse cell targets. Because normal hamster serum caused no lysis at all of hamster target cells, the residual low-grade lysis of OLT serum was possibly being mediated by extrahepatic sources of rat C. In conclusion, the homology of C and target cells represents a mechanism of protection that the liver confers to other organs, and that is most easily seen in xenografts but may be allospecifically operational with allografts as well within the limits of MHC restriction. © 1994 by Williams and Wilkins

The complete primary structure of abrin-a B chain

AbstractThe complete 267 amino acid sequence of abrin-a B chain was determined by analysis of peptides obtained by digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, lysyl endopeptidase, Staphylacaccus aureus V8 protease and thermolysin. The sequence is not identical with that predicted previously by nucleotide sequencing, indicating the presence of isoforms of abrin. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of abrin-a B chain with that of ricin-D B chain reveals a high degree of sequence identity (59%). Abrin-a B chain appears to consist of two domains, each domain with subdomains (α, β, γ) of about 40 amino acid residues

自然主義的意味論の研究

学位の種別: 課程博士審査委員会委員 : （主査）東京大学教授 一ノ瀬 正樹, 東京大学教授 榊原 哲也, 東京大学教授 納富 信留, 日本大学教授 飯田 隆, 名古屋大学教授 戸田山 和久University of Tokyo(東京大学