Fluid-physics-module experiments

Some floating-liquid-zone experiments performed under reduced-gravity conditions are reviewed. Several types of instabilities are discussed, together with the relevant parameters controlling them. It is shown that the bounding values of these parameters could be increased, by orders of magnitude in several instances, by selecting appropriate liquids. Two of the many problems that a Fluid-Physics Module, devised to perform experiments on floating zones in a space laboratory, would involve are discussed: namely (i) procedures for disturbing the zoneunder controlled conditions, and (ii) visualisation of the inner flow pattern. Several topics connected with the nonisothermal nature and the phase-changes of floating zones are presented. In particular, a mode of propagation through the liquid zone for disturbances which could appear in the melting solid/liquid interface is suggested. Although most research on floating liquid zones is aimed at improving the crystal-growth process, some additional applications are suggested

Diffusion flames and supersonic combustion 2

Some problems related to the fluid dynamical and chemical phenomena appearing near the injector exit of an idealized supersonic combustion burner, are theoretically investigated. When hydrogen is injected into a coflowing supersonic stream of air,a wake-like configuration appears in most cases,improving the mixing process. It is only natural to suggest that whenever the ignition delay length, computed assuming isobaric mixing and reaction, is not much larger than the recirculation zone length, the wake will influence the ignition zone. In order to calculate the ignition delay length, the usual assumption is made that fuel and oxidizer mix without appreciable concentration change and heat release resulting from chemical reactions, although radicals, mainly atomic hydrogen, are produced. The chemical kinetics scheme is reduced to one overall chemical reaction; and the presence of radicals introduced in the mixing zone from outside is taken into account. A two-dimensional mixing zone has been considered. Although many different mechanisms will be responsible for the fortuitous or provoked production of these radicals either in real flight or in ground testing facilities, dissociation at the injector outer boundary layer is considered in this paper as the main radicals producing mechanism. As it is shown, the temperature of the injector outer wall and, to a less extent, pressure, injector length and the conditions outside of the boundary layer, control the amount of radicals introduced in the mixing layer, and hence the ignition delay length. Finally, it is shown that ignition delay lengths are, in most cases of interest, comparable to the near-wake length. The paper ends with a discussion of the main weaknesses of the work presented and with some suggestions for further work

The internal structure of hydrogen-air difussion flames

The Internal Structure of Hydrogen-Air Diffusion Flames. Tho purpose of this paper is to study finite rate chemistry effects in diffusion controlled hydrogenair flames undor conditions appearing in some cases in a supersonic combustor. Since for large reaction rates the flame is close to chemical equilibrium, the reaction takes place in a very thin region, so thata "singular perturbation "treatment" of the problem seems appropriate. It has been shown previously that, within the inner or reaction zone, convection effects may be neglocted, the temperature is constant across the flame, and tho mass fraction distributions are given by ordinary differential equations, whore tho only independent variable involved is tho coordinate normal to the flame surface. Tho solution of the outer problom, which is a pure mixing problem with the additional condition that fuol and oxidizer do not coexist in any zone, provides t h e following information: tho flame position, rates of fuel consumption, temperature, concentrators of species, fluid velocity outside of tho flame, and the boundary conditions required to solve the "inner problem." The main contribution of this paper consists in the introduction of a fairly complicated chemical kinetic scheme representing hydrogen-oxygen reaction. The nonlinear equations expressing the conservation of chemical species are approximately integrated by means of an integral method. It has boen found that, in the case considered of a near-equilibrium diffusion flame, tho role played by the dissociation-recombination reactions is purely marginal, and that somo of the second order "shuffling" reactions are close to equilibrium. The method shown here may be applied to compute the distanco from the injector corresponding to a given separation from equilibrium, say ten to twenty percent. For the casos whore this length is a small fraction of the combustion zone length, the equilibrium treatment describes properly tho flame behavior

Una solución exacta en magnetogasdinámica transónica

Se plantean las ecuaciones de la Magnetogasdinámica desde un punto de vista puramente macroscópico,bajo la hipótesis fundamental de que las ecuaciones de MAXWELL no son modificadas por el movimiento gasdinámico y de que el gas es un medio continuo que se comporta como un fluido neutro y no como una mezcla de partículas individuales positivas y negativas. A continuación se consideran únicamente movimientos estacionarios y no disipativos. Entre este tipo particular de corrientes se eligen aquellas en las que el campo magnético es, en cada punto, paralelo al campo de velocidades; debiendo investigar a posteriori las condiciones de contorno que garanticen la existencia de tal tipo de soluciones.Después de comprobar que, en nuestro caso particular, el problema magnetogasdinámico se puede plantear en una forma muy similar a la de ciertos problemas puramente gasdinámicos.Se estudia el problema transónico de RlNGLEB para un gas conductor.La conclusión fundamental deducida de la solución obtenida, es la de que la presencia del campo magnético permite, bajo ciertas condiciones, obtener corrientes continuas isentrópicas a números de Mach mucho mayores que los que se obtienen en en el problema gasdinámico clásico

Some physical and chemical proceddes in fluids

The ability to reproduce reduced gravity conditions for long periods is one of the reasons why the orbiting laboratory is so attractive. In this paper several fluid dynamics problem areas are reviewed in which zero-gravity conditions are of great importance. Although emphasis is placed on space processing, there are some older problems also in which gravity masks the phenomcna, impeding a reasonably simple approach to the solution. Three problems are considered: Thermal convection under reduced gravity. The dumping effect ofsurface gravity waves at the outset of convection induced by surface tractions is discussed in particular. The existence of convection is of concern for some satellite thermal control techniques presently used, and for most of the proposed manufacturing processes. Whereas convection should be normally avoided, problems related to the containerless stirring ofa melt constitute an exception. Secondly, gravity and chemical reactions. Although chemical reactions are independent of gravity because of the small mass of the molecules and atoms involved, in many cases the reaction rate dcpends on the arrival of the species to the reaction zone. When the arrival process is buoyancy-controlled, the net specd of the reaction will be affected by the gravity. Thirdly, two-phase flows under reduced gravity provkle interesting problems from boiling heat transfer to degasslng of melts. This part of the paper deals only with the measurement of sound veiocity in a liquid containing bubbles. It is suggested that such measurements should be mude under reduced gravity to provide reliable residís

Aerodinámica

La Aerodinámica estudia las fuerzas que un viento relativo ejerce sobre un obstáculo sumergido en él. Desde este punto de vista tan general las aplicaciones de la Aerodinámica no se reducen exclusivamente al estudio de las fuerzas sobre aviones más o menos clásicos sino que trascienden a otros muchos campos por el efecto de arrastre que es característico de ciencias y técnicas avanzadas. La conferencia, dentro de un ciclo sobre Ingeniería Aeroespacial, se centra en la aerodinámica de objetos volantes producidos por el hombre, pero es de temer que el interés del conferenciante por otras aplicaciones se deje ver demasiado. El tema es de una gran extensión y, sobre todo, una gran complicación. Se ha repetido hasta la saciedad que para su estudio es más útil la experimentación que el raciocinio (Sir George Cayley (1733-1857)

Laboratorio en el espacio - Laboratorio en la tierra

Este trabajo presenta ciertos resultados recientes que están relacionados con el equilibrio dinámico de puentes líquidos mantenidos entre discos solidos paralelos y coaxiales. Estos estudios tienen por objeto analizar los experimentos realizados a bordo del spacelab en diciembre de 1983. Se ha desarrollado un programa muy activo en tierra para simular, tanto numérica como experimentalmente, los efectos de la gravedad reducida en configuraciones capilares. La simulación con la técnica de plateau permite obtener en muchos casos resultados extremadamente precisos, siempre que se ponga un gran cuidado en gobernar la densidad del liquido soporte. Aunque las aplicaciones comerciales de estas investigaciones están lejos, su contenido científico justifica trabajar mas todavía. En el caso particular que consideramos, el puente liquido es la configuración mas sencilla, voluminosa y gobernable limitada por una superficie libre no plana, y esto es en sí mismo científicamente interesante. La competencia comercial con desarrollos paralelos en tierra será desfavorable para los procesos espaciales mientras no aumenten las oportunidades de vuelo

Conservation laws for liquid bridges

Conservation laws for an inviscid liquid bridge set into motion by conservative forces are given in integral form. These laws provide useful information on the overall motion of the bridge in the presence of unexpected or uncontrolled disturbances and could, in addition, be monitored in a computational solution of the problem as an accuracy check. Many of the resulting conservation laws are familiar to fluiddynamicists. Nevertheless, a systematic approach providing an exhaustive list of these laws reveals the existence of new conserved properties hardly deducible in the classical way. Although the present analysis concerns the case of axial, and constant, gravity it can be applied, with minor refinements, when the gravity field varies with time in both direction and intensity

Empuje sobre un muro de contención vertical, producido por la acción de una carga sobre un terreno elástico

En el presente trabajo se desarrolla un método de cálculo del empuje que produce sobre un muro una carga situada sobre un terreno adyacente a dicho muro. Por medio de hipótesis físicas sencillas, se llega a resultados que parecen diferir de los obtenidos experimentalmente en márgenes tolerables, dentro de la aproximación normalmente usada en los cálculos. Se incluye una generalización para dos muros iguales y paralelos, fundada en un artificio análogo al empleado en Aerodinamica, para estudiar la interferencia entre las paredes y el modelo en los ensayos en tunel aerodinámico. Finalmente se presenta una familia de curvas adimensionales que dan el empuje para sobrecargas geométricamente semejantes, situadas a diferentes distancias del muro. Familias de este tipo pueden ser de gran utilidad, ya que se ha comprobado que, para los pesos y presiones de inflado usuales, las huellas de las ruedas de diferentes aviones son geometricamente semejantes. Estas familias podrian servir para un ulterior intento de obtención de fórmulas aproximadas de más fácil aplicación