ICZM Protocols to Regional Seas Conventions: The Wonder Drug for Coastal Sustainable Development?

Because “not every international environmental problem needs to be dealt with on a global level[1]”, the regionalization of international environmental law has emerged as one of the most important legal trends over the last decades. In the field of marine environment, this movement has been taking place mostly within the UNEP regional seas programme, now involving over 140 States. Noteworthily, the regulation of coastal management stood apart from this movement for a long time: while coastal zone management projects have developed at all scales for over two decades[2], legal regulation has long been confined to the national and sub-national levels. From the 1972 US Coastal Zone Management Act to the 2008 South African Integrated Coastal Management Act, domestic legal frameworks have regularly been strengthened in most parts of the world, while progressively translating into law the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) concept. However, most recent developments in ICZM implementation demonstrate an increasing interest for a regional regulation through the adoption of ad hoc protocols within regional seas frameworks. Adopted in January 2008 and entered into force in March 2011, the Mediterranean ICZM Protocol is the first of its kind and constitutes, as of today, the only supra-State legal instrument specifically aimed at coastal zone management. It is however unlikely that the Mediterranean ICZM Protocol remain an isolated, legal alien in the regional seas landscape. The attractiveness of such a new kind of instrument seems to be increasing, as demonstrated by the recent decision of the Parties to the Nairobi Convention to follow the path of the Barcelona Convention[3]. The Black Sea is also more informally now looking at the opportunity to develop such a protocol. It appears timely, therefore, to start drawing some early lessons from the most advanced cases, that is the Mediterranean and Western Indian Ocean (WIO). This is precisely what this presentation will aim at, based on research and consultancy conducted over the last five years in these two regions as well as at the global level. In particular, this presentation will: (i) briefly remind the regional seas concept and institutional framework; (ii) provide an overview of the content of the Mediterranean and WIO ICZM Protocols; (iii) enumerate the expected benefits of having a regional, legally binding regulation instrument for ICZM; (iv) identify key necessary conditions for success on the regional and national contexts, the drafting and negotiation process, as well as the way implementation issues are anticipated. This presentation will thus identify key conditions under which such ICZM Protocols may actually make a difference in placing coastal areas on a sustainable path. [1] Alhéritière D. Marine pollution regulation. Regional approaches. Marine Policy 1982; July: 162-174. [2] Sorensen J. The international proliferation of integrated coastal management efforts. Ocean and Coastal Management 1993; 21 (1-3): 45-80. [3] UNEP, Nairobi Convention COP Decision CP 6/3: Strengthening Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Western Indian Ocean Region, 2010

Bench-stable frustrated Lewis pair chemistry : fluoroborate salts as precatalysts for the C-H borylation of heteroarenes

While the organotrifluoroborate group is commonly used as a leaving group in cross-coupling reactions, we now show that their high stability can be used to protect the Lewis acidic moieties of frustrated Lewis pair catalysts. Indeed, the air and moisture-stable trifluoro- and difluoroborate derivatives of bulky (tetramethylpiperidino)benzene are shown to be conveniently converted to their dihydroborane analogue which is known to activate small molecules. An efficient synthesis route to these stable and convenient precatalysts, their deprotection chemistry and their benchtop use for the dehydrogenative borylation of heteroarenes is presented

Spontaneous reduction of a hydroborane to generate a B-B single bond using a Lewis pair

The ansa‐aminohydroborane 1‐NMe2‐2‐(BH2)C6H4 crystallizes in an unprecedented type of dimer containing a B−H bond activated by one FLP moiety. Upon mild heating and without the use of any catalyst, this molecule liberates one equivalent of hydrogen to generate a diborane molecule. The synthesis and structural characterization of these new compounds, as well as the kinetic monitoring of the reaction and the DFT investigation of its mechanism, are reported

Metal-free borylation of heteroarenes using ambiphilic aminoboranes : on the importance of sterics in frustrated lewis pair C-H bond activation

Two novel frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) aminoboranes, (1-Pip-2-BH2-C6H4)2 (2; Pip = piperidyl) and (1-NEt2-2-BH2-C6H4)2 (3; NEt2 = diethylamino), were synthesized and their structural features were elucidated both in solution and in the solid state. The reactivity of these species for the borylation of heteroarenes was investigated and compared to previously reported (1-TMP-2-BH2- C6H4)2 (1; TMP = tetramethylpiperidyl) and (1-NMe2-2-BH2-C6H4)2 (4; NMe2 = dimethylamino). It was shown that 2 and 3 are more active catalysts for the borylation of heteroarenes than the bulkier analogue 1. Kinetic studies and DFT calculations were performed with 1 and 2 to ascertain the influence of the amino group of this FLP-catalyzed transformation. The C-H activation step was found to be more facile with smaller amines at the expense of a more difficult dissociation of the dimeric species. The bench-stable fluoroborate salts of all catalysts (1F-4F) have been synthesized and tested for the borylation reaction. The new precatalysts 2F and 3F are showing higher reaction rates and yields for multi-gram scale syntheses

European policies and legislation targeting ocean acidification in european waters - Current state

Ocean acidification (OA) is a global problem with profoundly negative environmental, social and economic consequences. From a governance perspective, there is a need to ensure a coordinated effort to directly address it. This study reviews 90 legislative documents from 17 countries from the European Economic Area (EEA) and the UK that primarily border the sea. The primary finding from this study is that the European national policies and legislation addressing OA is at best uncoordinated. Although OA is acknowledged at the higher levels of governance, its status as an environmental challenge is greatly diluted at the European Union Member State level. As a notable exception within the EEA, Norway seems to have a proactive approach towards legislative frameworks and research aimed towards further understanding OA. On the other hand, there was a complete lack of, or inadequate reporting in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive by the majority of the EU Member States, with the exception of Italy and the Netherlands. We argue that the problems associated with OA and the solutions needed to address it are unique and cannot be bundled together with traditional climate change responses and measures. Therefore, European OA-related policy and legislation must reflect this and tailor their actions to mitigate OA to safeguard marine ecosystems and societies. A stronger and more coordinated approach is needed to build environmental, economic and social resilience of the observed and anticipated changes to the coastal marine systems

The noise-lovers: cultures of speech and sound in second-century Rome

This chapter provides an examination of an ideal of the ‘deliberate speaker’, who aims to reflect time, thought, and study in his speech. In the Roman Empire, words became a vital tool for creating and defending in-groups, and orators and authors in both Latin and Greek alleged, by contrast, that their enemies produced babbling noise rather than articulate speech. In this chapter, the ideal of the deliberate speaker is explored through the works of two very different contemporaries: the African-born Roman orator Fronto and the Syrian Christian apologist Tatian. Despite moving in very different circles, Fronto and Tatian both express their identity and authority through an expertise in words, in strikingly similar ways. The chapter ends with a call for scholars of the Roman Empire to create categories of analysis that move across different cultural and linguistic groups. If we do not, we risk merely replicating the parochialism and insularity of our sources.Accepted manuscrip

ICZM Protocols to Regional Seas Conventions: The Wonder Drug for Coastal Sustainable Development?

Because “not every international environmental problem needs to be dealt with on a global level[1]”, the regionalization of international environmental law has emerged as one of the most important legal trends over the last decades. In the field of marine environment, this movement has been taking place mostly within the UNEP regional seas programme, now involving over 140 States. Noteworthily, the regulation of coastal management stood apart from this movement for a long time: while coastal zone management projects have developed at all scales for over two decades[2], legal regulation has long been confined to the national and sub-national levels. From the 1972 US Coastal Zone Management Act to the 2008 South African Integrated Coastal Management Act, domestic legal frameworks have regularly been strengthened in most parts of the world, while progressively translating into law the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) concept. However, most recent developments in ICZM implementation demonstrate an increasing interest for a regional regulation through the adoption of ad hoc protocols within regional seas frameworks. Adopted in January 2008 and entered into force in March 2011, the Mediterranean ICZM Protocol is the first of its kind and constitutes, as of today, the only supra-State legal instrument specifically aimed at coastal zone management. It is however unlikely that the Mediterranean ICZM Protocol remain an isolated, legal alien in the regional seas landscape. The attractiveness of such a new kind of instrument seems to be increasing, as demonstrated by the recent decision of the Parties to the Nairobi Convention to follow the path of the Barcelona Convention[3]. The Black Sea is also more informally now looking at the opportunity to develop such a protocol. It appears timely, therefore, to start drawing some early lessons from the most advanced cases, that is the Mediterranean and Western Indian Ocean (WIO). This is precisely what this presentation will aim at, based on research and consultancy conducted over the last five years in these two regions as well as at the global level. In particular, this presentation will: (i) briefly remind the regional seas concept and institutional framework; (ii) provide an overview of the content of the Mediterranean and WIO ICZM Protocols; (iii) enumerate the expected benefits of having a regional, legally binding regulation instrument for ICZM; (iv) identify key necessary conditions for success on the regional and national contexts, the drafting and negotiation process, as well as the way implementation issues are anticipated. This presentation will thus identify key conditions under which such ICZM Protocols may actually make a difference in placing coastal areas on a sustainable path. [1] Alhéritière D. Marine pollution regulation. Regional approaches. Marine Policy 1982; July: 162-174. [2] Sorensen J. The international proliferation of integrated coastal management efforts. Ocean and Coastal Management 1993; 21 (1-3): 45-80. [3] UNEP, Nairobi Convention COP Decision CP 6/3: Strengthening Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Western Indian Ocean Region, 2010

Le conservatoire des côtes de Sardaigne : Une institution hybride

Rochette Julien. Le conservatoire des côtes de Sardaigne : Une institution hybride. In: Revue Européenne de Droit de l'Environnement, n°3, 2008. pp. 277-279