Rezim Keamanan Maritim dalam Penanganan Pembajakan Kapal di Selat Malaka

Abstract This article describes the form and performance of the Malacca Straits Patrol (MSP) cooperation as a maritime security regime in dealing with maritime piracy in the Straits of Malacca in the year 2008-2020. It is explored and analyzed using a theoretical approach of maritime security regimes, with the concept of maritime piracy, and the concept of maritime security. The research method used is qualitative based on case study and descriptive analysis. Sources of data were obtained from interviews and documentation with validated through triangulation of data sources and negative case analysis. The results of the study found the maritime piracy in the Straits of Malacca led to the development of dynamic threat perspective between littoral states and non-littoral user states depending on the priority of each states maritime interests to the strategic value of the Malacca Strait. This prompted the establishment of the Malacca Straits Patrol (MSP) cooperation as a form of maritime security regime with a cooperative security mechanism that has principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures aimed at dealing with maritime piracy of Malacca Strait through four programs: (1) Malacca Straits Sea Patrol (MSSP); (2) Eyes in the Sky Combined Maritime Air Patrols (EiS-CMAP); (3) Malacca Straits Patrol Intelligence Exchange Group (MSP-IEG); and (4) the Malacca Straits Patrol Joint Coordination Committee (MSP-JCC). It has a low level of effectiveness performance as the output product of the regime make outcome changes in the collective behavior of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand that optimum comply with a few rules of the game in the implementation of the MSSP, EiS CMAP, MSP-IEG, and MSP-JCC programs, because hampered by lack of capability and mutual mistrust. The results of these performances made the operationalization of the MSP regime to minimum, resulting in the unresolved problem of maritime piracy of the Malacca Strait according to the objectives MSP regime. Recommends for extending MSP to Strait of Singapore; increased capability of MSSP and EiS-CMAP; review the transparency information exchange of MSP-IEG; and increasing awareness and financial support, equipment, and training from interested non-littoral actors to littoral actors to make MSP more effective in dealing with piracy in the Straits of Malacca.   Keywords : Straits of Malacca; Maritime Piracy; Maritime Security; Malacca Straits Patrol; Maritime Security Regim

Pendampingan Masyarakat Nelayan Marunda Pasca Pandemi Covid-19

Sektor kelautan dan perikanan merupakan sektor yang tidak lepas dalam membantu meningkatnya perekonomian Negara. Sektor ini pula menjadi salah satu sektor yang terkena dampak saat pandemi Covid-19. Salah satu daerah yang masih terkena dampak pasca pandemi Covid-19 adalah masyarakat nelayan Marunda sebagai salah satu daerah pesisir laut di Kecamatan Cilincing, Jakarta Utara. Munculnya beberapa kendala di sektor ini memunculkan upaya pendampingan dari Tim Abdimas Task Force 13 Revengers untuk mengatasi kendala-kendala tersebut, melalui observasi berkala, pendekatan berlanjut dengan masyarakat setempat hingga interview untuk menganalisa situasi dan mengidentifikasi masalah yang muncul mengawali pendampingan yang dilakukan mulai dari pembuatan alat tangkap ikan sederhana berupa jaring gillnet, pemasaran dan penjualan hingga pengelolaan ikan mulai dari pembukaan tempat pelelangan ikan yang dapat dihadiri oleh seluruh nelayan hingga pengelolaan ikan asap dengan harga jual yang lebih tinggi, peningkatan potensi wisata pemancingan Marunda dengan cara promotion mix baik secara online maupun offline, serta mengoptimalkan koperasi nelayan melalui sosialisasi kepada para nelayan dan mencanangkan beberapa kegiatan di bawah naungan koperasi nelayan untuk masyarakat di dalam maupun di luar wilayah Marunda dengan harapan dapat meningkatkan potensi nelayan di sektor perikanan pasca pandemi dan seterusnya

Efektivitas Pembelajaran Daring Terintegrasi di Era Pendidikan 4.0

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas pembelajaran daring yang menekankan integrasi  dengan lingkungan dari berbagai sumber yang ditinjau dari berbagai aspek selama era pendidikan 4.0. Menggunakan metode berupa meta-analisis jurnal, melalui berbagai macam jurnal yang berhubungan dengan variabel penelitian dikumpulkan kemudian dikaji dan ditarik suatu kesimpulan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran daring akan efektif jika menerapkan komponen esensial dari Laurillard yang mencangkup aspek diskursfi, adapftif, interaktif dan reflektif. Namun 76,07% memilih kombinasi pembelajaran daring sehingga penting adanya inovasi berupa integrasi dengan lingkungan mengacu pada komponen digital learning ecosystem dari Hammond yang dapat mengakomodasi gaya belajar, fleksibilitas dan pengalaman belajar peserta didik sehingga dapat memunculkan perasaan positif

Social ranking effects on tooth-brushing behaviour

Objective: A tooth-brushing social rank hypothesis is tested suggesting tooth-brushing duration is influenced when individuals position their behaviour in a rank when comparing their behaviour with other individuals. Design: Study 1 used a correlation design, Study 2 used a semi-experimental design, and Study 3 used a randomized intervention design to examine the tooth-brushing social rank hypothesis in terms of self-reported attitudes, cognitions, and behaviour towards tooth-brushing duration. Methods: Study 1 surveyed participants to examine whether the perceived health benefits of tooth-brushing duration could be predicted from the ranking of each person's tooth-brushing duration. Study 2 tested whether manipulating the rank position of the tooth-brushing duration influenced participant-perceived health benefits of tooth-brushing duration. Study 3 used a longitudinal intervention method to examine whether messages relating to the rank positions of tooth-brushing durations causally influenced the self-report tooth-brushing duration. Results: Study 1 demonstrates that perceptions of the health benefits from tooth-brushing duration are predicted by the perceptions of how that behaviour ranks in comparison to other people's behaviour. Study 2 demonstrates that the perceptions of the health benefits of tooth-brushing duration can be manipulated experimentally by changing the ranked position of a person's tooth-brushing duration. Study 3 experimentally demonstrates the possibility of increasing the length of time for which individuals clean their teeth by focusing on how they rank among their peers in terms of tooth-brushing duration. Conclusions: The effectiveness of interventions using social-ranking methods relative to those that emphasize comparisons made against group averages or normative guidelines are discussed

In search of negativity bias:An empirical study of perceived helpfulness of online reviews

A basic tenet of psychology is that the psychological effects of negative information outweigh those of positive information. Three empirical studies show that the negativity bias can be attenuated or even reversed in the context of electronic word-of-mouth (eWoM). The first study analyzes a large sample of customer reviews collected from Amazon.com and concludes that negative reviews are no more helpful than positive ones when controlling for review quality The second study follows up with a virtual experiment that confirms the lack of negativity bias in evaluating the helpfulness of online reviews. The third study demonstrates that the negativity effect can be reversed by manipulating the baseline valences. This work challenges the conventional wisdom of “bad is stronger than good” and contributes to the understanding of the eWoM phenomenon

Scientific measurement of sensory preferences using stimulus tetrads

This paper provides the evidence base to construct a professional standard for discriminative scaling of taints and optima. The measurement of suboptimal sensed characteristics of a product has logical and empirical requirements that specify a single overall rating of each sample in a tetrad. Those four pairs of response/stimulus data determine the discrimination distance of each sample from the comparison in memory used by the assessor, together with the position of that standard on the straight line specified by the two stimulus levels in the tetrad. The rating's reference anchor can be the match to a familiar version of the product or the personally most preferred level. Each sample can be assessed again for sensory and/or conceptual attributes, using vocabulary learned in life or by sensory training. Those data give the ideal or matching value of that verbal category and the individual's tolerance of deviations from that value

“I like it!” Preference actions separated from hedonic reactions

In 1952-7, Peryam and colleagues developed nine ordinal phrases of liking and dislike to assess consumers’ dispositions to accept or reject a food or drink. They named their questionnaire a Food Preference Scale. Others called it the Hedonic Scale, which means assessment of pleasure, not choice. It is still widely assumed that the word “like” distinguishes felt pleasure from observed wanting to consume the sample. The present quantitative results complement an earlier qualitative finding that preference scores do not provide evidence of the experiencing of pleasure. Rather, “I like it!” simply indicates high acceptance of the sampled variant of a product. Nevertheless, in this experiment, some assessors did also get a convulsive thrill from oral stimulation, as distinct from just enjoying the mouthful, or being pleased by it. However this sensual pleasure came only from strongly disliked levels of stimulation and is probably unique to samples sensed as intensely sweet. Practical Applications This experiment’s separation of preference from pleasure depended on overcoming practitioners’ division between sensory vocabulary and preference scores. Instead of seeking statistical patterns that bridge the supposed gap between sensory concepts and acts of acceptance, sensory studies should design test samples capable of measuring the impact of specified variations in the product range, first on a fully integrative judgment such as match to the personal ideal, or to the most familiar or usual brand. Second, if analytical characterization might help to test the specification, samples can be rated on vocabulary learned in life or in the laboratory, with one anchor on the standard to be matched, such “exactly as I like it” or “just right” (not “like extremely” or “just about right”), and only one other anchor, such as “neither like nor dislike” or “just too wrong to be tolerable.” Existing data collection and analysis software are easily adapted this way

Perspective: Measuring Sweetness in Foods, Beverages, and Diets: Toward Understanding the Role of Sweetness in Health.

Various global public health agencies recommend minimizing exposure to sweet-tasting foods or beverages. The underlying rationale is that reducing exposure to the perception of sweet tastes, without regard to the source of sweetness, may reduce preferences for sweetness, added sugar intake, caloric intake, and body weight. However, the veracity of this sequence of outcomes has yet to be documented, as revealed by findings from recent systematic reviews on the topic. Efforts to examine and document the effects of sweetness exposure are needed to support evidence-based recommendations. They require a generally agreed-upon methodology for measuring sweetness in foods, beverages, and the overall diet. Although well-established sensory evaluation techniques exist for individual foods in laboratory settings, they are expensive and time-consuming, and agreement on the optimal approach for measuring the sweetness of the total diet is lacking. If such a measure could be developed, it would permit researchers to combine data from different studies and populations and facilitate the design and conduct of new studies to address unresolved research questions about dietary sweetness. This narrative review includes an overview of available sensory techniques, their strengths and limitations, recent efforts to measure the sweetness of foods and diets across countries and cultures, and a proposed future direction for improving methods for measuring sweetness toward developing the data required to support evidence-based recommendations around dietary sweetness