The Characteristics and Prognosis of Relapsed Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Relapsed Pulmonary Tuberculosis is a condition of patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis who have received complete OAT treatment and are declared cured but are re-infected. Based on WHO (World Health Organization) data in 2014, there were 7,840 cases of relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the characteristics and prognosis of relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis patients at the Kramat Jati District Health Centre for the 2021-2022 period. This study uses medical record data with a retrospective descriptive method. In this study, data results were obtained on patients with Relapse Pulmonary Tuberculosis who were treated at the Kramat Jati District Health Center in the period 2021-2022, as many as 34 patients whose criteria met the inclusion criteria. The data obtained were data in the form of age, gender, type of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis, occupation or status, previous treatment history, anti-tuberculin drug guidelines, prognosis, which can be used as variables in this study. The data analysis used in this study is using descriptive statistical data methods with frequency analysis. The results showed that patients aged 21-40 years were (32.4%). Male gender (67.6%), bacteriological confirmed diagnosis type (94.1%). Type of employment or other status (58.8%), previous treatment history of relapse patients (61.8%), category 2 OAT guideline patients (82.4%). The prognosis of relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis patients tended to be good (27%). This study concludes that the prognosis of relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis patients with complete treatment category 2 tends to be good. Keywords: oat category 2, prognosis, relapsed pulmonary tuberculosi

Kontekstualisasi Kaidah Ruang Sakral Gereja Katolik Terhadap Perancangan Gereja Katolik di Jakarta

Bangunan gereja Katolik berfungsi untuk menampung kegiatan ibadah umat Katolik dan memungkinkan partisipasi umat beriman dengan perlengkapan yang pantas, indah serta layak. Dalam konteks kehidupan masyarakat, bangunan gereja Katolik hadir menjadi identitas kehidupan rohani suatu komunitas umat beragama Katolik. Dalam konteks perkotaan, bangunan gereja Katolik secara bentuk dan rancangannya, secara khas menjadi penanda yang khas identitas suatu kota. Khusus di kota Jakarta, bangunan gereja Katolik menjadi salah satu saksi sejarah perkembangan kota Jakarta, penanda zaman dan mempunyai arti penting dalam kehidupan beragama di dalam masyarakat yang mempunyai latar belakang budaya beragam. Bangunan gereja Katolik di Jakarta sesuai zamannya, turut terpengaruh dengan perkembangan beragam gaya arsitektur. Unsur hakiki yang menjadi dasar dari perencanaan dan perancangan sebuah bangunan gereja Katolik adalah keyakinan iman yang menjadi daya hidup umat Katolik di Jakarta dengan corak yang khas, tidak lepas dari pengaruh budaya lokal dan perkembangan kota Jakarta. Perpaduan penerapan kaidah fungsi yang melayani liturgi tata ibadat Katolik dengan unsur-unsur lokal yang kontekstual menjadi sangat penting dalam suatu proses perancangan dan pembangunan rumah ibadah umat Katolik yang dapat menampung kegiatan beribadah, pengajaran dan pelayanan kepada umat Katolik yang dapat dipahami oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan memadukan kaidah liturgi ruang sakra dengan berbagai elemen lokalitas untuk menemukan metode merancang bangunan gereja Katolik yang kontekstual. Lingkup penelitian ini adalah wilayah Keuskupan Agung Jakarta. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif yang dilakukan melalui observasi, survei, dan studi kasus pada lima bangunan gereja Katolik di Jakarta yang dipilih berdasarkan signifikansi perancangan arsitektur yang menandai era bangunan tersebut dibangun. Penelitian ini diharapkan menghasilkan konsep perancangan ruang sakra yang dapat menjadi acuan perencanaan bagi arsitek dan profesional yang terlibat dalam desain bangunan gereja Katolik dan sebagai sumbangan pemikiran serta pengetahuan bagi masyarakat kita. Rancangan bangunan gereja Katolik yang kontekstual merupakan upaya berkontribusi merawat hubungan antar agama dan budaya. Kata kunci: Gereja Katolik; Kaidah; Kontekstualisasi; Perancangan; Ruang sakral. / The Catholic church building serves to accommodate the worship activities of Catholic believers and allows their participation with appropriate, beautiful, and dignified furnishings. In the context of community life, Catholic church buildings serve as the spiritual identity of a Catholic congregation. In an urban context, Catholic church buildings, in their form and design, typically serve as distinctive markers of a city's identity. Especially in Jakarta, these buildings represent historical witnesses to the city's development, serving as landmarks of different eras and holding significant meaning in the religious life of a culturally diverse society. The Catholic church buildings in Jakarta, according to their time, have been influenced by the development of various architectural styles. The fundamental element that forms the basis of planning and designing a Catholic church building is the faith conviction that serves as the life force of Catholic believers in Jakarta, with a distinctive character influenced by local culture and the development of the city of Jakarta. The integration of applying functional principles that serve the Catholic liturgical rites with contextual local elements is crucial in the process of designing and constructing a place of worship for Catholic believers. This space should accommodate worship activities, teaching, and service to the Catholic community while being accepted by the wider society. This research aims to combine the principles of liturgical space with various local elements to discover methods for designing contextual Catholic church buildings. The scope of this research covers the territory of the Archdiocese of Jakarta. This study is analytical in nature, employing a qualitative descriptive approach through observations, surveys, and case studies of selected Catholic church buildings in Jakarta. These buildings are chosen based on the architectural design significance that marks the era when they were constructed. This research is expected to produce a concept for designing sacred spaces that can serve as a planning guide for architects and experts involved in designing Catholic church buildings. It also aims to contribute ideas and knowledge to our society. Designing contextual Catholic church buildings is an effort to contribute to nurturing relationships between religions and cultures. Keywords: Catholic Church; Contextualization; Design; Sacred Space Principles; Sacred Space

Post-Dural Puncture Headache: A Case Report

The purpose of the study is to present a complicated case who present an unwanted severe headache which occur in a patient receiving a spinal or epidural injection. We report the case of a 64-year-old male patient who underwent skin transplantation, namely split-thickness skin graft (STSG) on the right instep using a 26 G Quincke spinal needle. After successful plastic surgery which lasts 90 minutes using spinal anesthesia, postoperatively, the patient was admitted to the recovery room and instructed to rest in bed for 12 hours, and also not to sit and lift the head. After the motoric strength of both legs is normal (Bromage scale 0) the patient may tilt left-right, given RL infusion 30 tpm, and ketorolac analgesic injection 30 mg IV. In the recovery room the patient allowed to drink and eat as usual. But just after four hours, the patient goes to the bathroom to urinate, and at that moment the patient felt a sudden severe headache. The patient had to be helped by his family to get back to bed and lie down and after 15 minutes, the complaints subsided. The doctor on duty who was reported by the nurse about this incident asked the patient to rest in bed for 24 hours until the complaint completely disappears. In the following day, the patient discharged from the hospital in good condition. Despite its frequency and impact, PDPH remains poorly understood, and further research is needed to elucidate its actual scope of the problem, its pathophysiology and optimal management. Keywords: Neuraxial block; severe; temporary; spinal needle; cranial hypotension; brain sagging; pathophysiology; management

Tinjauan Yuridis tentang Pemberian Informasi Pasien Berupa Manfaat yang Tidak Dijamin bagi Peserta Program Jaminan Kesehatan Ditinjau dari Peraturan Presiden Nomor 82 Tahun 2018

Program Jaminan Kesehatan menjadi salah satu upaya pemerintah untuk memastikan akses layanan kesehatan yang adil dan merata bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat. Isu utama dalam implementasi JKN adalah ketidakpastian yang dihadapi pasien mengenai manfaat yang dijamin dan yang tidak dijamin. Beberapa rumah sakit mungkin tidak sepenuhnya memenuhi kewajiban mereka untuk memberikan informasi yang lengkap dan jelas, baik karena kurangnya pemahaman tentang regulasi atau keterbatasan dalam sistem informasi kesehatan mereka. Rumusan masalahnya adalah bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi Rumah Sakit terkait pemberian informasi pasien mengenai manfaat yang tidak dijamin dalam Program Jaminan Kesehatan dan bagaimana implementasi pemberian informasi pasien di Rumah Sakit ditinjau dari Peraturan Presiden No. 82 Tahun 2018 tentang Jaminan Kesehatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif, yang mengkaji hukum baik sebagai aturan dogmatis maupun dalam kaitannya dengan praktik di masyarakat. Pendekatan ini melibatkan analisis teori, konsep, dan metode dari perspektif hukum dogmatis, termasuk kajian terhadap aspek teori, filosofi, struktur, konsistensi, serta bahasa hukum dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Rumah Sakit yang bekerja sama dengan BPJS Kesehatan wajib memberikan informasi jelas kepada pasien terkait manfaat yang dijamin dan tidak dijamin oleh JKN, seperti layanan di luar fasilitas BPJS, estetika, infertilitas, serta pengobatan tradisional berdasarkan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 82 Tahun 2018 dan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 59 Tahun 2024. Pembaruan ini mempertegas perlindungan hukum pasien dan menekankan pentingnya transparansi untuk mencegah kesalahpahaman dan sengketa. Peraturan Presiden Nomor 82 Tahun 2018 memperkuat pelaksanaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), meningkatkan jumlah peserta, dan memperluas kerja sama fasilitas kesehatan. Namun, tantangan seperti tunggakan iuran, persebaran fasilitas yang tidak merata, defisit BPJS, dan kualitas layanan masih perlu diatasi. Peraturan ini juga menjamin perlindungan hukum bagi peserta melalui pemenuhan hak-hak pasien sesuai standar. Efektivitas sanksi dan pengawasan harus ditingkatkan untuk mendukung kepatuhan. Dengan implementasi optimal, Peraturan ini dapat memastikan keadilan, kualitas layanan, dan keberlanjutan program JKN. / The Health Insurance Program is one of the government's efforts to ensure fair and equitable access to health services for all levels of society. A key issue in JKN implementation is the uncertainty patients face regarding covered and non-covered benefits. Some hospitals may not fully fulfill their obligation to provide complete and clear information, either due to a lack of understanding of the regulations or limitations in their health information systems. The formulation of the problem is how legal protection for hospitals related to providing patient information regarding benefits that are not guaranteed in the Health Insurance Program and how the implementation of providing patient information in hospitals is reviewed from Presidential Regulation Number 82 of 2018 concerning Health Insurance. This research uses the normative method, which examines law both as a dogmatic rule and in relation to practice in society. This approach involves analyzing theories, concepts, and methods from a dogmatic legal perspective, including a study of aspects of theory, philosophy, structure, consistency, and legal language in legislation. The results show that hospitals working with BPJS Kesehatan are required to provide clear information to patients regarding benefits that are and are not covered by JKN, such as services outside BPJS facilities, aesthetics, infertility, and traditional medicine based on Presidential Regulation 82/2018 and Presidential Regulation 59/2024. These updates reinforce patient legal protections and emphasize the importance of transparency to prevent misunderstandings and disputes. Presidential Regulation 82/2018 strengthens the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN), increases the number of participants, and expands health facility cooperation. However, challenges such as contribution arrears, uneven distribution of facilities, BPJS deficits, and service quality still need to be addressed. This regulation also guarantees legal protection for participants through the fulfillment of patient rights according to standards. The effectiveness of sanctions and supervision must be improved to support compliance. With optimal implementation, this Regulation can ensure equity, service quality, and sustainability of the JKN program

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Berhadapan Dengan Hukum Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak Di Indonesia

Perlindungan hukum bagi anak dalam sistem peradilan pidana anak di Indonesia dikaji dengan fokus pada penerapan prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak serta mekanisme restorative justice dan diversi. Implementasi masih terkendala oleh pemahaman aparat dan keterbatasan fasilitas. Rumusan masalah dalam skripsi ini adalah bagaimana bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap anak berhadapan dengan hukum dalam sistem peradilan pidana anak di Indonesia? dan apakah penerapan sanksi pidana terhadap anak berhadapan dengan hukum sudah sesuai dengan prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak (Best Interest Of The Child)? Penelitian ini bersifat normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (Statute Approach) dan pendekatan konsep (Conceptual Approach). Data yang digunakan melibatkan data sekunder, seperti bahan hukum primer, seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak, Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak, dan Konvensi Hak Anak 1989. Sementara itu, bahan hukum sekunder mencakup buku-buku dan literatur lainnya, dan bahan hukum tertier melibatkan kamus. Perlindungan hukum terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum di Indonesia menekankan pendekatan rehabilitatif dan edukatif berdasarkan prinsip keadilan, kepentingan terbaik anak, dan non-diskriminasi. Melalui konsep Restorative Justice dan diversi, proses hukum dirancang untuk melindungi hak anak, meminimalkan dampak negatif, dan mendorong reintegrasi sosial. Namun, penerapan sanksi pidana belum sepenuhnya sejalan dengan Prinsip Kepentingan Terbaik Bagi Anak, karena praktik di lapangan masih sering berorientasi pada penghukuman. Diperlukan penguatan diversi, reformasi fasilitas rehabilitasi, dan penyuluhan kepada aparat hukum untuk memastikan prinsip tersebut terwujud. Oleh karena itu, Penegak hukum di Indonesia disarankan untuk lebih sensitif terhadap kebutuhan perkembangan anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum, dengan mengedepankan penyelesaian di luar pengadilan untuk meminimalkan dampak psikologis dan menghindari stigma sosial. Kapasitas aparat penegak hukum perlu ditingkatkan melalui pelatihan agar mampu menerapkan prosedur ramah anak, melindungi hak-hak anak, dan mendukung reintegrasi sosial. Selain itu, prinsip Best Interest of the Child harus diimplementasikan melalui pendekatan restoratif, proses diversi yang maksimal, pelibatan psikolog atau pekerja sosial, serta pemberian sanksi yang mendidik. Kerja sama lintas lembaga, penyediaan fasilitas ramah anak, dan evaluasi berkala juga diperlukan untuk memastikan keputusan hukum mempertimbangkan masa depan anak. / The legal protection for children within Indonesia's juvenile criminal justice system is examined with a focus on the application of the principle of the best interests of the child, as well as restorative justice and diversion mechanisms. Implementation is hindered by the limited understanding of law enforcement officers and inadequate facilities. The research questions addressed in this study are: How is the legal protection provided for children in conflict with the law within Indonesia's juvenile criminal justice system? And, is the imposition of criminal sanctions on children in conflict with the law aligned with the principle of the best interests of the child? This research is normative in nature, employing a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The data used includes secondary data, such as primary legal materials like Law No. 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, Law No. 35 of 2014 on Amendments to Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection, and the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child. Secondary legal materials include books and other literature, while tertiary legal materials encompass dictionaries. The research results show that, Legal Protection For Children in Conflict With The Law in Indonesia emphasizes a rehabilitative and educational approach based on principles of justice, the best interests of the child, and non-discrimination. Through restorative justice and diversion concepts, legal processes are designed to protect children's rights, minimize negative impacts, and promote social reintegration. However, the imposition of criminal sanctions has not fully aligned with the principle of the best interests of the child, as field practices often remain punitive in orientation. Strengthening diversion mechanisms, reforming rehabilitation facilities, and providing training for law enforcement officers are necessary to ensure the principle is realized. Law enforcement in Indonesia is recommended to be more sensitive to the developmental needs of children in conflict with the law by prioritizing out-of-court resolutions to minimize psychological impacts and avoid social stigma. The capacity of law enforcement officers should be enhanced through training to implement child-friendly procedures, protect children's rights, and support social reintegration. Furthermore, the principle of the best interests of the child must be implemented through a restorative approach, maximizing diversion processes, involving psychologists or social workers, and imposing educational sanctions. Cross-agency collaboration, the provision of child- friendly facilities, and regular evaluations are also essential to ensure legal decisions prioritize the future well-being of children

URGENSI PENGATURAN ACARA PENYITAAN UNTUK PEMULIHAN KERUGIAN PADA PENDAPATAN NEGARA DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG KUP

Penelitian ini membahas urgensi pengaturan acara penyitaan dalam pemulihan kerugian pendapatan negara berdasarkan Undang-Undang Ketentuan Umum dan Tata Cara Perpajakan (UU KUP). Dalam sistem perpajakan Indonesia, penyitaan aset Wajib Pajak yang melanggar ketentuan perpajakan merupakan salah satu langkah penegakan hukum guna memastikan pembayaran pajak yang terutang. Namun, hingga saat ini, mekanisme penyitaan dalam konteks perpajakan belum memiliki pengaturan yang komprehensif dan tegas dalam UU KUP, sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum serta kendala dalam upaya pemulihan kerugian negara akibat pelanggaran pajak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perlunya pengaturan khusus mengenai prosedur penyitaan dalam hukum perpajakan serta dampaknya terhadap efektivitas pemulihan kerugian negara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Analisis dilakukan terhadap ketentuan hukum yang mengatur penyitaan dalam berbagai regulasi, termasuk hukum perpajakan dan hukum acara pidana, untuk menilai kesesuaian dan kekurangan dalam UU KUP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiadaan pengaturan acara penyitaan yang rinci dalam UU KUP dapat menghambat proses pemulihan kerugian negara karena tidak adanya pedoman yang jelas mengenai tahapan, pihak yang berwenang, serta perlindungan hukum bagi Wajib Pajak yang dikenai tindakan penyitaan. Selain itu, perbandingan dengan sistem perpajakan di beberapa negara lain menunjukkan bahwa regulasi yang lebih sistematis dan tegas mengenai penyitaan dapat meningkatkan kepastian hukum serta efektivitas dalam penegakan pajak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, disimpulkan bahwa pengaturan yang lebih jelas dan terperinci mengenai prosedur penyitaan dalam UU KUP sangat diperlukan untuk mengoptimalkan pemulihan kerugian negara akibat pelanggaran pajak. Regulasi yang lebih tegas dapat memperkuat otoritas fiskus dalam menindak pelanggaran pajak tanpa mengabaikan prinsip keadilan bagi Wajib Pajak. Oleh karena itu, pembentukan aturan khusus dalam UU KUP mengenai mekanisme penyitaan, baik dari segi prosedural maupun kelembagaan, menjadi langkah strategis untuk meningkatkan efektivitas sistem perpajakan serta menjaga keseimbangan antara kepastian hukum dan perlindungan hak Wajib Pajak. Kata Kunci : penyitaan, pemulihan kerugian negara, UU KUP, penegakan hukum perpajakan, kepastian hukum / This study examines the urgency of regulating seizure procedures for recovering state revenue losses under the General Provisions and Tax Procedures Law (UU KUP). In Indonesia’s taxation system, the seizure of taxpayer assets due to tax violations is a legal enforcement measure to ensure tax obligations are met. However, the current UU KUP lacks comprehensive and explicit provisions on seizure procedures, potentially causing legal uncertainty and obstacles in recovering state losses from tax violations. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the necessity of specific regulations governing seizure procedures in tax law and their impact on the effectiveness of state revenue recovery. This research employs a normative legal approach by analyzing legislation and conceptual frameworks. The study examines existing seizure regulations within tax law and criminal procedural law to assess the adequacy and shortcomings of the UU KUP. Findings indicate that the absence of detailed seizure procedures in the UU KUP hinders the recovery of state losses due to unclear guidelines regarding the stages, authorities, and legal protection for taxpayers subject to seizure. Additionally, a comparative analysis with tax systems in other countries suggests that a more structured and explicit legal framework on seizure can enhance legal certainty and the effectiveness of tax enforcement. The study concludes that a clearer and more detailed legal framework on seizure procedures in the UU KUP is essential to optimize the recovery of state losses from tax violations. Strengthened regulations can enhance the authority of tax authorities in enforcing compliance while ensuring fairness for taxpayers. Therefore, establishing specific legal provisions in the UU KUP regarding seizure mechanisms—both procedurally and institutionally—is a strategic step to improve tax enforcement effectiveness while balancing legal certainty and taxpayer rights. Keyword : seizure, state revenue recovery, UU KUP, tax law enforcement, legal certainty

The Impact of Industrial Development on Spatial Planning: a Case Study of Klapanunggal District, Bogor Regency

This study examines the impact of industrial development on land use planning in Klapanunggal District, Bogor Regency West Java, which has experienced significant industrial growth over the past few decades. The transformation of agricultural and residential land into industrial zones has led to various environmental, in social, and economic implications. Unplanned spatial changes have resulted in traffic congestion, reduced green spaces, and air pollution from industrial activities. This research using a qualitative approach, this research aims to analyze the effects of industrial development on spatial planning and land use, as well as its implications on the local environment. The findings reveal the narrowing of agricultural land, air pollution, traffic congestion, role of government, and other environmental challenges in the community. Keywords: Spatial Planning, Industrial Development, Klapanunggal District, Land Use, Environmental Impac