Implementación y diseño de procedimiento para determinación de vida útil de quesos frescos, chorizos frescos y aguas en bolsa

La preservación de los alimentos a través de los años ha sido necesaria para la supervivencia humana. Con el pasar del tiempo han aparecido nuevas metodologías para determinación de vida útil de alimentos; ahora existen nuevas metodologías que se pueden usar para ahorrar una cantidad de tiempo y costos ayudando a predecir lo que sería una vida de anaquel. Las técnicas de preservación utilizadas en el pasado siguen siendo empleadas en conjunto con otros métodos en la actualidad, apoyados en el conocimiento que diferentes disciplinas científicas han aportado al desarrollo en este tiempo. Actualmente y debido a la cada vez creciente exigencia de los consumidores por alimentos lo mas naturalmente posible, ha hecho que la industria agroalimentaria busque alternativas de tratamiento de alimentos conservando la seguridad y la calidad de los mismos. Desde hace varios años ya existían cálculos matemáticos simples para predecir la estabilidad de algunos productos. Por ejemplo, los modelos ¿índice de conservación¿ y ¿CIMSCEE¿(CALCULATION OF THE COMITE´ DES INDUSTRIES DES MAYONNAISES ET SAUCES CONDIMENTAIRES DE LA COMMUNAUTE´ ECONOMIQUE EUROPEENNE) para productos conservados con acido acético, como los pepinillos y salsas acidas, respectivamente, así como la determinación de ¿libre de mohos¿ para productos de panificación. Estos aun se utilizan hoy en día a pesar de que su aplicación puede ser limitada y no necesariamente relevante para la formulación de nuevos productos que explotan el uso de conservantes y/o ingredientes alternativos

Clareamento dental em pacientes com tratamento ortodôntico: revisão sistemática

This systematic review aimed to identify and critically evaluate the available evidence of the appropriate moment to perform tooth whitening in conventional orthodontic patients. A systematic review in MEDLINE and SciELO databases from inception to February 2021 was carried out by two independent reviewers. Randomized clinical trials, non-randomized clinical trials, case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, case-series and reviews that focused on the application of tooth whitening during or after orthodontic treatment were considered for inclusion. The primary outcome was defined as tooth whitening during/after orthodontic treatment. The secondary outcome included the time in days after bracket debonding in which tooth whitening was performed. Risk of bias analysis was performed for each study and the findings were synthesized in a narrative summary. A total of 4 randomized clinical trials, 1 non-randomized clinical trial and 3 reviews were included in the qualitative synthesis. One study performed tooth whitening during, and three studies after orthodontic treatment. One study compared tooth whitening during and after orthodontic treatment. The time after which tooth whitening was applied following bracket debonding ranged from 7 to 90 days with a mean value of 40.2 days. All studies reported satisfactory improvements in tooth color shade during or after orthodontic treatment independent of the protocol. Low quality evidence suggests that the appropriate moment to perform tooth whitening in conventional orthodontic patients is after brackets removal with a waiting period of at least 30 days. There is not adequate evidence to support tooth whitening during conventional orthodontic treatment.Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo identificar y evaluar críticamente la evidencia disponible del momento adecuado para realizar el blanqueamiento dental en pacientes de ortodoncia convencional. Dos revisores independientes llevaron a cabo la revisión sistemática en las bases de datos MEDLINE y SciELO desde el inicio hasta febrero de 2021. Se consideraron para su inclusión ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, ensayos clínicos no aleatorizados, de casos y controles, de cohortes, transversales, de series de casos y revisiones que se centraran en la aplicación del blanqueamiento dental durante o después del tratamiento de ortodoncia. El resultado primario se definió como blanqueamiento dental durante/después del tratamiento de ortodoncia. El resultado secundario incluyó el tiempo en días después del desprendimiento del soporte en el que se realizó el blanqueamiento dental. Se realizó un análisis de riesgo de sesgo para cada estudio y los hallazgos se sintetizaron en un resumen narrativo. En la síntesis cualitativa se incluyeron un total de 4 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, 1 ensayo clínico no aleatorizado y 3 revisiones. Un estudio realizó el blanqueamiento dental durante y tres estudios después del tratamiento de ortodoncia. Un estudio comparó el blanqueamiento dental durante y después del tratamiento de ortodoncia. El tiempo después del cual se aplicó el blanqueamiento dental después del desprendimiento de los brackets osciló entre 7 y 90 días con un valor medio de 40,2 días. Todos los estudios informaron mejoras satisfactorias en el tono del color de los dientes durante o después del tratamiento de ortodoncia, independientemente del protocolo. La evidencia de baja calidad sugiere que el momento adecuado para realizar el blanqueamiento dental en pacientes con ortodoncia convencional es después de la extracción de los brackets con un período de espera de al menos 30 días. No hay evidencia adecuada para respaldar el blanqueamiento dental durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia convencional.Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo identificar e avaliar criticamente as evidências disponíveis do tempo adequado para a realização do clareamento dental em pacientes de ortodontia convencional. Dois revisores independentes realizaram a revisão sistemática nas bases de dados MEDLINE e SciELO desde o início até fevereiro de 2021. Foram considerados ensaios clínicos randomizados, não randomizados, de casos e controles, de coorte, transversais, de séries de casos e ensaios clínicos de revisão com foco na aplicação do clareamento dental durante ou após o tratamento ortodôntico. O resultado primário foi definido como clareamento dental durante/após o tratamento ortodôntico. O resultado secundário incluiu o tempo em dias após o desprendimento do suporte no qual o clareamento dos dentes foi realizado. Foi realizada uma análise de risco de viés para cada estudo e os achados foram sintetizados em um resumo narrativo. Um total de 4 ensaios clínicos randomizados, 1 ensaio clínico não randomizado e 3 revisões foram incluídos na síntese qualitativa. Um estudo realizou clareamento dental durante e três estudos após o tratamento ortodôntico. Um estudo comparou o clareamento dental durante e após o tratamento ortodôntico. O tempo depois do qual o clareamento dos dentes foi aplicado após o desprendimento do aparelho variou de 7 a 90 dias com um valor médio de 40,2 dias. Todos os estudos relataram melhorias satisfatórias no tom da cor dos dentes durante ou após o tratamento ortodôntico, independentemente do protocolo. Evidências de baixa qualidade sugerem que o tempo apropriado para realizar o clareamento dental em pessoas com ortodontia convencional é após a remoção do aparelho com um período de espera de pelo menos 30 dias. Não há evidências pertinentes para respaldar o clareamento dental durante o tratamento de ortodontia convencional

The perception of tooth whitening practices during and after orthodontic treatment : a survey of orthodontists

At present, there are limited studies on how tooth whitening procedures are applied in orthodontic patients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the perception of tooth whitening practices during and after orthodontic treatment. A surv

The perception of colombians about science and technology according to their education level: professional and non-professional population

This document discusses the results of the implementation of the Third National Survey on Public Perception of Science and Technology applied in Colombia. It analyzes the effect of education over some aspects related to the perception about Science and Technology of the Colombians, considering variables such as age and professionalization of the population. Methodologically, the research type is quantitative and descriptive; it uses statistical tools like frequency tables, histograms and subsampling techniques to avoid a biased comparison of the populations. The major findings presented are that the level of education acquired and the formal training actually have significance regarding the perceptions about science and technology in the studied population; it proved to affect the perception and attitude towards issues as the preference in the choice of a career for daughters and sons, the tendency for reviewing instructions and exploring the use of the information, the perception of whether the country works on science or not, and if people make science and technology. In the future, it will be required an approach based on differential studies, addressing the impact of the dissemination of science and technology

Vertical root fractures : a time-dependent clinical condition. A case-control study in two colombian populations

This nested case-control study can be viewed as an efficient way to sample subjects from a large cohort study case-control study aimed to analyze the effect of different clinical factors on the appearance of vertical root fractures in endodontically-trea

Nível ósseo ao redor de implantes adjacentes a dentes e implantes

[Objective] This investigation seeks to determine the difference in bone level around implants adjacent to teeth and implants. [Methodology] This cross-sectional study included 17 patients with a total of 51 stable implants with a functional loading of at least 6 months. These implants were located next to natural teeth, other implants, or both. All implants and adjacent teeth were clinically examined, and periodontal and peri-implant parameters were recorded. A radiographic analysis was carried out to measure the bone level around implants in relation to the implant platform. Data were analyzed to detect differences between bone levels on the side of an implant next to a tooth compared to those on the side of an implant next to another implant. Statistical differences were considered significant when p≤0.05. [Results] The distance from the crestal bone on the coronal side of the implant platform to adjacent teeth or implants was approximately 1 mm. The bone level in zones adjacent to other implants was more apically located (2.9 ± 1.4 mm) than was the case for bone levels on sides adjacent to natural teeth (1.3 ± 0.07 mm) and the difference in these distances was statistically significant (p<0.05). Bivariate analysis showed that the bone level around implants was more likely to be coronal in relation to the implant platform on the side adjacent to a tooth than on the side adjacent to another implant (p=0.04). [Conclusions] The results indicate that the bone level of implants adjacent to natural teeth is maintained more coronal as compared to implants adjacent to other implants. This suggests a greater stability of implants when they are located near remaining natural teeth.[Objetivo] Determinar las diferencias en el nivel óseo de implantes adyacentes a dientes e implantes. [Metodología] en este estudio transversal se incluyeron 17 pacientes con un total de 51 implantes dentales estables con carga funcional de, al menos, 6 meses. Los implantes estaban localizados adyacentes a dientes naturales/implantes o ambos. Se realizó análisis clínico completo de los implantes y dientes adyacentes, así como medición radiográfica del nivel óseo adyacente a diente o implante. Los datos fueron analizados para determinar diferencias en el nivel óseo del lado adyacente a diente en comparación con el lado adyacente a implante (p ≤ 0.05). [Resultados] La distancia de la cresta ósea en sentido coronal a la plataforma del implante, en relación con la presencia de diente o implante fue alrededor de 1 mm. El nivel óseo en zonas adyacentes a implantes se localizó más apical (2.9 ± 1.4 mm) en comparación con zonas adyacentes a dientes naturales (1.3 ± 0.07 mm; p < 0.05). El análisis bivariado indicó que es más probable encontrar el nivel óseo más coronal a la plataforma de un implante adyacente a diente, en comparación con la presencia de otro implante adyacente (p = 0.04). [Conclusión] los resultados de este estudio indican que el nivel óseo de implantes adyacentes a dientes naturales se mantiene más coronal a la plataforma del implante en comparación con las zonas adyacentes a otros implantes. Esto sugiere mayor estabilidad de implantes cuando están adyacentes a dientes naturales.[Objetivo] Determinar as diferenças no nível ósseo dos implantes adjacentes a dentes e implantes. [Metodologia] este estudo transversal incluiu 17 pacientes com um total de 51 implantes dentários estáveis com carga funcional de pelo menos 6 meses. Os implantes foram localizados adjacentes a dentes/implantes naturais ou ambos. Foi realizada uma análise clínica completa dos implantes e dentes adjacentes, bem como a medição radiográfica do nível ósseo adjacente ao dente ou implante. Os dados foram analisados para determinar diferenças no nível ósseo no lado adjacente ao dente em comparação com o lado adjacente ao implante (p ≤ 0,05). [Resultados] A distância da crista óssea na direção coronal até a plataforma de implante, em relação à presença de um dente ou implante, foi de cerca de 1 mm. O nível ósseo em áreas adjacentes aos implantes foi mais apical (2,9 ± 1,4 mm) em comparação com áreas adjacentes aos dentes naturais (1,3 ± 0,07 mm; p < 0,05). A análise bivariada indicou que é mais provável encontrar o nível ósseo mais coronal na plataforma de um implante adjacente a um dente, em comparação com a presença de outro implante adjacente (p = 0,04). [Conclusão] os resultados deste estudo indicam que o nível ósseo de implantes adjacentes aos dentes naturais permanece mais coronal à plataforma de implante em comparação com áreas adjacentes a outros implantes. Sugerindo, portanto, maior estabilidade dos implantes quando estão adjacentes aos dentes naturais

Método de planeamiento de osteotomías alrededor de la rodilla en el plano coronal

L Las deformidades angulares de los miembros inferiores en el plano coronal son una alteración en la alineación causada por la pérdida de colinealidad de la cadera, rodilla y el tobillo, y se caracterizan por producir sobrecarga más allá de lo tolerable en cada uno de los compartimentos femorotibiales. Las osteotomías son procedimientos quirúrgicos que tratan estas deformidades, principalmente, retirando carga de un compartimento enfermo a uno más sano, dando una terapia puente antes de realizar un reemplazo articular. En las últimas décadas se han popularizado ofreciendo un manejo para los pacientes jóvenes y activos para los cuales la indicación quirúrgica no es la artroplastia. El éxito de la osteotomía depende de un adecuado planeamiento, el que inicia desde encontrar al paciente ideal y que esté dentro de las indicaciones. El uso de la radiografía panorámica, y la evaluación de las diferentes medidas que podemos obtener de esta imagen, nos lleva a identificar el origen de la deformidad, el grado de corrección que amerita para tener un balance articular adecuado y a planear dónde se debe realizar la osteotomía, incluido exactamente lo que se debe hacer en la cirugía para obtener resultados esperados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir un método preciso, reproducible y al alcance del cirujano para un adecuado planeamiento y un resultado postoperatorio exitoso

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Annual Conference on Formative Research on EFL. Practices thar inspire change.

The conference papers of the Annual Conference on Formative Research on EFL. Practices thar inspire change collect pedagogical experiences, research reports, and reflections about social issues, language teaching, teaching training, interculturality under the panorama of the Covid-19 pandemic. Each paper invites the reader to implement changes in their teaching practice through disruptive pedagogies, reflect on the social and emotional consequences of the lockdown, new paths for teacher training and different approaches for teaching interculturality. We expect to inspire new ways to train pre-service teachers and teach languages in this changing times