PE11, a PE/PPE family protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is involved in cell wall remodeling and virulence

The role of the unique proline-glutamic acid (PE)/proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) family of proteins in the pathophysiology and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not clearly understood. One of the PE family proteins, PE11 (LipX or Rv1169c), specific to pathogenic mycobacteria is found to be over-expressed during infection of macrophages and in active TB patients. In this study, we report that M. smegmatis expressing PE11 (Msmeg-PE11) exhibited altered colony morphology and cell wall lipid composition leading to a marked increase in resistance against various environmental stressors and antibiotics. The cell envelope of Msmeg-PE11 also had greater amount of glycolipids and polar lipids. Msmeg-PE11 was found to have better survival rate in infected macrophages. Mice infected with Msmeg-PE11 had higher bacterial load, showed exacerbated organ pathology and mortality. The liver and lung of Msmeg-PE11-infected mice also had higher levels of IL-10, IL-4 and TNF-α cytokines, indicating a potential role of this protein in mycobacterial virulence

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality : methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Background While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.Peer reviewe

Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study

18% of the world's population lives in India, and many states of India have populations similar to those of large countries. Action to effectively improve population health in India requires availability of reliable and comprehensive state-level estimates of disease burden and risk factors over time. Such comprehensive estimates have not been available so far for all major diseases and risk factors. Thus, we aimed to estimate the disease burden and risk factors in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016

EGFR and HER2/NEU immunoexpression in ovarian neoplasms in Bundelkhand Region

Introduction: Ovarian Cancers account for the greatest number of deaths from malignancies of female genital tract and it is the fifth leading cause of cancer fatalities in women. Surface epithelial tumours are the most common, followed by germ cell tumours. Objective: To analyse the expression of EGFR and HER 2neu using Immunohistochemisty in different Ovarian tumours with special reference to surface Epithelial tumours. Material and Methods: 52 cases of different ovarian tumours were studied. Cases included total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral saphingoophorectomy, oophorectomy, and cystectomy specimens. Expression of EGFR (ErbB1) and HER2-neu (ErbB2) was determined by immunohistochemical reactions performed with the Super SensitiveTM IHC Detection system by the BiogenixTM. Tests were performed according to the instructions of each kit. Results: The mean age of presentation for epithelial tumours was found to be 42.48 years. For malignant epithelial tumours mean age of presentation was found to be 51.1 years. EGFR positivity was found in 28.57 % of surface epithelial ovarians tumours, and HER2/neu positivity was seen in 20% of surface epithelial ovarian tumours. As far as malignant serous papillary adenocarcinoma is concerned, we found 33.3% positivity for HER2/neu and 50% positivity for EGFR

To study the estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor in case of primary and metastatic breast cancer

Background: Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women.It comprises 22.9% of invasive cancers in women and 16% of all female cancers. It accounts for 15% of cancer deaths worldwide.Objective: to study the expression of ER/PR on breast cancer by immunocytochemistry on fine needle aspiration smears. Material and Methods:  A prospective study was carried out on 120 cases of breast lump, referred from various clinical Departments to cytopathology lab of a tertiary care center in North India, during September 2018 to March 2020. Two sets of Fine Needle Aspirate smears were obtained from breast lump and palpable lymph node, if present. Both sets of smear were air dried and fixed in propyl alcohol for 1-2 hours.First set of smear was used for cytology, in which cytology was positive, the second set of smear were packed in aluminum foil and preserved at -20 degree Celsius. Slides were then stained for ER and PR receptor. Later on when patient undergone surgery findings were correlated with histopathology. Results : The most common symptom  was breast lump (87.5%) with tumour size of 2.0-5.0 cm. ER were positive in 65.0% cases, PR were positive in 57.5% and ER+/PR+ in 55.0% of cases