Screening the ability of natural feed ingredients to interfere with the adherence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 to the porcine intestinal mucus

The inhibition of the attachment of bacteria to the intestine by receptor analogues could be a novel approach to prevent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-induced diarrhoea in piglets. The objective of the present study was to screen the ability of different feed ingredients (FI) to bind to ETEC K88 (adhesion test, AT) and to block its attachment to the porcine intestinal mucus (blocking test, BT) using in vitro microtitration-based models. In the AT, wheat bran (WB), casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) and exopolysaccharides exhibited the highest adhesion to ETEC K88 (P,0·001). In the BT, WB, CGMP and locust bean (LB) reduced the number of ETEC K88 attached to the intestinal mucus (P,0·001). For WB and LB, fractionation based on their carbohydrate components was subsequently carried out, and each fraction was evaluated individually. None of the WB fractions reduced the adhesion of ETEC K88 to the mucus as did the original extract, suggesting that a protein or glycoprotein could be involved in the recognition process. With regard to the LB fractions, the water-extractable material reduced the adhesion of ETEC K88 (P,0·001) to the mucus similar to the original extract (P,0·001), indicating, in this case, that galactomannans or phenolic compounds could be responsible for the recognition process. In conclusion, among the FI screened, the soluble extracts obtained from WB, LB and CGMP exhibited the highest anti-adhesive properties against ETEC K88 in the BT. These results suggest that they may be good candidates to be included in diets of weaned piglets for the prevention of ETEC K88-induced diarrhoea

Digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia digestível em dietas para potros em crescimento

This study was conducted with eight colts Brasileiro de Hipismo breed, fed with five diets isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the aim of determining by the method of total fecal collection: the total apparent digestibility of nutrients as well as the values of digestible energy by comparing them with values from prediction equations of digestible energy. The diet 1: was composed of concentrated with corn and cotton meal; the diet 2: concentrated with corn and soybean meal, diet 3: concentrated with corn and yeast, diet 4: concentrated with oat and cotton meal and the diet 5: concentrated with oat and soybean meal. All diets contained Coast Cross hay and wheat bran. The test of digestion (total collection of feces) was made in metabolism cages adapted for horses for a period of five days. The diet had the lowest value of digestibility of dry matter was the diet of concentrated of oats and cotton meal. It was evident that one can not dispense with the need of using bomb calorimetry and the total collection of feces in the determination of digestible energy, because the calculations there was no equivalence of values between the results obtained in the experiment with the results obtained by the prediction equations.O presente estudo foi conduzido utilizando oito potros em crescimento da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo, alimentados com cinco dietas, isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas com o objetivo de determinar através do método de coleta total de fezes: a digestibilidade total aparente dos nutrientes bem como os valores de energia digestível, comparando-os com os valores obtidos nas equações de predição de energia digestível sugeridos pela literatura. A dieta 1 foi composta de concentrado à base de milho e farelo de algodão; a dieta 2: concentrado à base de milho e farelo de soja; dieta 3: concentrado à base de milho e levedura; dieta 4: concentrado à base de aveia e farelo de algodão e a dieta 5: concentrado à base de aveia e farelo de soja. Todas as dietas continham feno de Coast Cross como volumoso e farelo de trigo no concentrado. O ensaio de digestibilidade foi realizado por um período de cinco dias, utilizando gaiolas de metabolismo. A dieta contendo aveia e farelo de algodão apresentou o menor valor de coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca entre as dietas experimentais, enquanto que as dietas que continham farelo de soja em sua composição apresentaram altos valores de digestibilidade da proteína bruta. Ficou evidente que não se pode dispensar o uso do ensaio de digestibilidade pelo método de coleta total de fezes na determinação de energia digestível, pois através dos cálculos não houve a equivalência de valores entre os resultados obtidos no experimento e os resultados obtidos pelas equações de predição. &nbsp

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra

Natural feeding strategies to reduce enteric disorders and improve adaptation of young pigs to weaning

El objetivo de la presente memoria de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar el papel de diferentes ingredientes en la dieta para reducir las patologías digestivas en los lechones tras el destete, incrementando así su bienestar y productividad. En los primeros dos ensayos se determinó la influencia de la suplementación con fibra dietética en la productividad animal y en parámetros del desarrollo intestinal. En el tercer experimento fue realizado un ensayo in vivo que tuvo por objetivo la búsqueda de ingredientes anti-adhesivos frente a E. coli enterotoxigenica (ETEC) K88 y identificándose tres de ellos (extracto de salvado de trigo, WB; glicomacropéptido de caseina, CGMP; y exopolisacarideos de lactobacilli, EPS) como prometedores candidatos. En el cuarto ensayo fue medida la respuesta inflamatoria de células epiteliales intestinales, desafiadas por ETEC K88 y la influencia de algunos ingredientes en la regulación de esta respuesta. En este ensayo, WB y CGMP obtuvieron una mayor bajada en la respuesta inflamatoria. Finalmente, en el quinto experimento, CGMP fue empleado como una terapia anti-adhesiva frente a una infección experimental de ETEC K88. Los resultados de esta prueba sugieren que el CGMP puede ser usado con éxito como una estrategia alimentaria para control de enfermedades intestinales causadas por ETEC K88. Los resultados de esta tesis doctoral apoyan el interés por incluir niveles moderados de fibra en la dieta de animales jóvenes, para estimular la función intestinal y de reducir la proliferación de patógenos intestinales. Nuestro trabajo también da los primeros pasos hacia el desarrollo de estrategias de alimentación para mejorar la resistencia animal a patógenos, a través del uso de ingredientes con un potencial anti-adhesivo. Entre los ingredientes valorados, los extractos solubles de salvado de trigo, el caseín glicomacropéptido derivado de la leche de vaca y los extractos de exopolisacáridos de lactobacilos obtenidos de salmuera de aceituna han sido algunos de los que han presentado resultados más prometedores y que merecería la pena ser estudiados con mayor profundidad.The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate different feed strategies to reduce enteric disorders in young pigs, in order to help their adaptation to weaning and enhance productivity and health. In the first two experimental trials it was measured the influence of dietary fiber supplementation on animal performance and parameters of intestinal development. In the third trial it was performed a in vitro trial aiming to search anti-adhesive feed ingredients against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) K88 and it was identified three of them (wheat bran extract, WB; casein glycomacropeptide, CGMP; and exopolysaccharides of lactobacilli, EPS) as promising candidates to be further studied. In fourth trial it was measured the inflammatory response of intestinal epithelial cells to an ETEC K88 challenge and the influence of certain feed ingredients to regulate that response. In this trial, WB and CGMP better down-regulate the inflammatory response of intestinal cells to ETEC K88, when compared to a positive control and other ingredients. Finally, on fifth trial, CGMP was employed as an anti-adhesive therapy, where piglets were challenged by ETEC K88. Results suggest that CGMP can successfully be used as a feed strategy against enteric disorders caused by ETEC K88. The results of this doctoral thesis support the interest of including moderate levels fiber in the diet of the young animals, in order to stimulate the gut function and reduce the proliferation of gut pathogens. Our work also gives the first steps for the development of feeding strategies to improve the animal resistance to the intestinal pathogens, through the use of anti-adhesive feedstuffs rather than antimicrobial properties. Among the evaluated ingredients, soluble extracts of wheat bran, casein glycomacropeptide derived from cow's milk and extracts of lactobacilli exopolysaccharides were some with the most promising results and worth to be studied further

Notes on Neotropical Eumeninae, with the description of a new species of Pachodynerus de Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

Notes on Neotropical Eumeninae, with the description of a new species of Pachodynerus de Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Taxonomic information on Neotropical Eumeninae is provided. A new species, Pachodynerus fessatus sp. nov. is described from southeastern São Paulo, Brazil. Additional material of Pachodynerus sericeus (Fox) was examined, representing the first further specimens after the original description and including the previously unknown male. The examination of new material of the genus Stenonartonia adds some new distribution records and shows some previously unrecorded individual variation for some species. The males of Stenonartonia guaraya Garcete-Barrett and Stenonartonia rejectoides Garcete-Barrett are described for the first time

Natural feeding strategies to reduce enteric disorders and improve adaptation of young pigs to weaning

Descripció del recurs: 18 juliol 2012El objetivo de la presente memoria de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar el papel de diferentes ingredientes en la dieta para reducir las patologías digestivas en los lechones tras el destete, incrementando así su bienestar y productividad. En los primeros dos ensayos se determinó la influencia de la suplementación con fibra dietética en la productividad animal y en parámetros del desarrollo intestinal. En el tercer experimento fue realizado un ensayo in vivo que tuvo por objetivo la búsqueda de ingredientes anti-adhesivos frente a E. coli enterotoxigenica (ETEC) K88 y identificándose tres de ellos (extracto de salvado de trigo, WB; glicomacropéptido de caseina, CGMP; y exopolisacarideos de lactobacilli, EPS) como prometedores candidatos. En el cuarto ensayo fue medida la respuesta inflamatoria de células epiteliales intestinales, desafiadas por ETEC K88 y la influencia de algunos ingredientes en la regulación de esta respuesta. En este ensayo, WB y CGMP obtuvieron una mayor bajada en la respuesta inflamatoria. Finalmente, en el quinto experimento, CGMP fue empleado como una terapia anti-adhesiva frente a una infección experimental de ETEC K88. Los resultados de esta prueba sugieren que el CGMP puede ser usado con éxito como una estrategia alimentaria para control de enfermedades intestinales causadas por ETEC K88. Los resultados de esta tesis doctoral apoyan el interés por incluir niveles moderados de fibra en la dieta de animales jóvenes, para estimular la función intestinal y de reducir la proliferación de patógenos intestinales. Nuestro trabajo también da los primeros pasos hacia el desarrollo de estrategias de alimentación para mejorar la resistencia animal a patógenos, a través del uso de ingredientes con un potencial anti-adhesivo. Entre los ingredientes valorados, los extractos solubles de salvado de trigo, el caseín glicomacropéptido derivado de la leche de vaca y los extractos de exopolisacáridos de lactobacilos obtenidos de salmuera de aceituna han sido algunos de los que han presentado resultados más prometedores y que merecería la pena ser estudiados con mayor profundidad.The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate different feed strategies to reduce enteric disorders in young pigs, in order to help their adaptation to weaning and enhance productivity and health. In the first two experimental trials it was measured the influence of dietary fiber supplementation on animal performance and parameters of intestinal development. In the third trial it was performed a in vitro trial aiming to search anti-adhesive feed ingredients against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) K88 and it was identified three of them (wheat bran extract, WB; casein glycomacropeptide, CGMP; and exopolysaccharides of lactobacilli, EPS) as promising candidates to be further studied. In fourth trial it was measured the inflammatory response of intestinal epithelial cells to an ETEC K88 challenge and the influence of certain feed ingredients to regulate that response. In this trial, WB and CGMP better down-regulate the inflammatory response of intestinal cells to ETEC K88, when compared to a positive control and other ingredients. Finally, on fifth trial, CGMP was employed as an anti-adhesive therapy, where piglets were challenged by ETEC K88. Results suggest that CGMP can successfully be used as a feed strategy against enteric disorders caused by ETEC K88. The results of this doctoral thesis support the interest of including moderate levels fiber in the diet of the young animals, in order to stimulate the gut function and reduce the proliferation of gut pathogens. Our work also gives the first steps for the development of feeding strategies to improve the animal resistance to the intestinal pathogens, through the use of anti-adhesive feedstuffs rather than antimicrobial properties. Among the evaluated ingredients, soluble extracts of wheat bran, casein glycomacropeptide derived from cow's milk and extracts of lactobacilli exopolysaccharides were some with the most promising results and worth to be studied further