EL CONTEXTO SOCIAL Y EL CAMBIO TIPOLÓGICO Y TECNOLÓGICO EN EL DISEÑO DE LAS VIVIENDAS IRREGULARES EN EL ÁREA NATURAL PROTEGIDA DEL PARQUE NACIONAL DEL NEVADO DE TOLUCA: CASO DE ESTUDIO, RAÍCES Y LOMA ALTA

Como una alternativa al análisis del deterioro del ambiente y la reducción de los recursos naturales, este artículo presenta un criterio metodológico para explicar, cómo el cambio tipológico y tecnológico de las viviendas irregulares, han establecido el detrimento del medio ambiente, así mismo, se muestra cómo se ha generado la pérdida del bosque

Prototipo de vivienda de adobe con energías renovables: caso de estudio localidad de Raíces, Área Natural Protegida del Parque Nacional del Nevado de Toluca, Estado de México

Como una alternativa a la construcción de la vivienda, este artículo introduce una nueva tecnología para edificar un prototipo de casa de adobe con energías renovables. Se muestrauna metodología para su diseño que se establece a partir de las características de las viviendas de la localidad de Raíces, ubicada en el municipio de Zinacantepec, dentro del territorio del Parque Nacional del Nevado de Toluca, espacio natural protegido por Decreto en 1936

Diseñar un sistema de recolección de aguas lluvias y aguas grises denominado “Ecotank” para disminuir el uso del agua potable en actividades secundarias en el municipio de Girardot Cundinamarca

Diseñar el sistema de recolección de aguas grises y aguas lluvias “EcoTank” como aprovechamiento de reutilización en actividades secundarias, para mitigar el impacto ambiental y económico en los habitantes de Girardot CundinamarcaEl presente proyecto tiene por objetivo diseñar un sistema de recolección de aguas lluvias y aguas grises denominado (EcoTank) para la ciudad de Girardot Cundinamarca, con el propósito de disminuir el uso del agua potable en actividades secundarias, para usos generales diferentes al consumo humano, como las descargas de los sanitarios, lavado de pisos, al riego de plantas, etc. Se recolectaron los datos meteorológicos del IDEAM correspondientes a las estaciones meteorológicas: Universidad de Cundinamarca en Girardot, y, Nataima en el Espinal. Con las precipitaciones máximas se calcula el caudal máximo que recibirá el tanque de filtro. De igual forma, se calcula el caudal de agua tratada que llevara el sistema. Para el sistema de bombeo se plantea un sistema hidroneumático tipo hidroflo, para el cual se le calcula la potencia de la bomba, suficiente para impulsar el agua hasta el tanque aéreo donde se almacenará el agua tratada para ser utilizada en descarga del inodoro, lavado de pisos y autos, y riego de jardín y plantas. En conclusión, este proyecto es funcional para recolectar agua en las épocas del año donde hay abundantes lluvias y poderse abastecer en las temporadas donde hay poca precipitación en Girardot Cundinamarca. l costo del sistema ecotank para ser implementado en una vivienda unifamiliar estrato 3 es de $5.004.100. Teniendo en cuenta que el ahorro mensual es de$26.130, esto quiere decir que anualmente se ahorraría $313.560, por lo tanto, en 15 años aproximadamente se estaría recuperando la inversión inicial. Los beneficios que tiene implementar este sistema es que genera reducción de consumo de agua potable, también trae beneficios para subsanar los problemas ambientales que afectan al planeta actualmente.The objective of this project is to design a rainwater and gray water collection system called (EcoTank) for the city of Girardot Cundinamarca, with the purpose of reducing the use of drinking water in secondary activities, for general uses other than human consumption, such as discharges from toilets, washing floors, watering plants, etc. The meteorological data of the IDEAM corresponding to the meteorological stations were collected: University of Cundinamarca in Girardot, and Nataima in Espinal. With the maximum rainfall, the maximum flow that the filter tank will receive is calculated. In the same way, the flow of treated water that the system will carry is calculated. For the pumping system, a hydropneumatic system of the hydrophilic type is proposed, for which the power of the pump is calculated, sufficient to drive the water to the air tank where the treated water will be stored to be used in flushing the toilet, washing the floors and cars, and garden and plant watering. In conclusion, this project is functional to collect water in the times of the year when there is abundant rainfall and to be able to supply it in the seasons where there is little precipitation in Girardot Cundinamarca. he cost of the ecotank system to be implemented in a stratum 3 single-family home is$ 5,004,100. Taking into account that the monthly saving is $26,130, this means that$ 313,560 would be saved annually, therefore, in approximately 15 years the initial investment would be recovered. The benefits of implementing this system is that it generates a reduction in the consumption of drinking water, it also brings benefits to correct the environmental problems that currently affect the planet

Diseñar un sistema de recolección de aguas lluvias y aguas grises denominado “Ecotank” para disminuir el uso del agua potable en actividades secundarias en el municipio de Girardot Cundinamarca

Diseñar el sistema de recolección de aguas grises y aguas lluvias “EcoTank” como aprovechamiento de reutilización en actividades secundarias, para mitigar el impacto ambiental y económico en los habitantes de Girardot CundinamarcaEl presente proyecto tiene por objetivo diseñar un sistema de recolección de aguas lluvias y aguas grises denominado (EcoTank) para la ciudad de Girardot Cundinamarca, con el propósito de disminuir el uso del agua potable en actividades secundarias, para usos generales diferentes al consumo humano, como las descargas de los sanitarios, lavado de pisos, al riego de plantas, etc. Se recolectaron los datos meteorológicos del IDEAM correspondientes a las estaciones meteorológicas: Universidad de Cundinamarca en Girardot, y, Nataima en el Espinal. Con las precipitaciones máximas se calcula el caudal máximo que recibirá el tanque de filtro. De igual forma, se calcula el caudal de agua tratada que llevara el sistema. Para el sistema de bombeo se plantea un sistema hidroneumático tipo hidroflo, para el cual se le calcula la potencia de la bomba, suficiente para impulsar el agua hasta el tanque aéreo donde se almacenará el agua tratada para ser utilizada en descarga del inodoro, lavado de pisos y autos, y riego de jardín y plantas. En conclusión, este proyecto es funcional para recolectar agua en las épocas del año donde hay abundantes lluvias y poderse abastecer en las temporadas donde hay poca precipitación en Girardot Cundinamarca. l costo del sistema ecotank para ser implementado en una vivienda unifamiliar estrato 3 es de $5.004.100. Teniendo en cuenta que el ahorro mensual es de$26.130, esto quiere decir que anualmente se ahorraría $313.560, por lo tanto, en 15 años aproximadamente se estaría recuperando la inversión inicial. Los beneficios que tiene implementar este sistema es que genera reducción de consumo de agua potable, también trae beneficios para subsanar los problemas ambientales que afectan al planeta actualmente.The objective of this project is to design a rainwater and gray water collection system called (EcoTank) for the city of Girardot Cundinamarca, with the purpose of reducing the use of drinking water in secondary activities, for general uses other than human consumption, such as discharges from toilets, washing floors, watering plants, etc. The meteorological data of the IDEAM corresponding to the meteorological stations were collected: University of Cundinamarca in Girardot, and Nataima in Espinal. With the maximum rainfall, the maximum flow that the filter tank will receive is calculated. In the same way, the flow of treated water that the system will carry is calculated. For the pumping system, a hydropneumatic system of the hydrophilic type is proposed, for which the power of the pump is calculated, sufficient to drive the water to the air tank where the treated water will be stored to be used in flushing the toilet, washing the floors and cars, and garden and plant watering. In conclusion, this project is functional to collect water in the times of the year when there is abundant rainfall and to be able to supply it in the seasons where there is little precipitation in Girardot Cundinamarca. he cost of the ecotank system to be implemented in a stratum 3 single-family home is$ 5,004,100. Taking into account that the monthly saving is $26,130, this means that$ 313,560 would be saved annually, therefore, in approximately 15 years the initial investment would be recovered. The benefits of implementing this system is that it generates a reduction in the consumption of drinking water, it also brings benefits to correct the environmental problems that currently affect the planet

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia Municipio de Valledupar.

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia Municipio de Valledupar.Resumen es un trabajo realizado por que mostramos el progreso en los contenidos temáticos desarrollados en diplomado de profundización en escenarios de violencia. Una vez se hace el acompañamiento psicosocial ofrecido a la población víctima del conflicto armado, tiene como objetivo construir un proceso reflexivo en subjetividad transformadora en los recursos de afrontamiento como la resiliencia y el empoderamiento, con un enfoque orientado al restablecimiento de los derechos vulnerados y la reivindicación de la dignidad de los sujetos afectados por los hechos de victimización. Según (Telles, Sánchez, Tejada & Villa, 2007) “la idea de la justicia restaurativa porque vemos una relación social que se rompe, que debe ser restaurada; en lo cual se logra la restitución de la dignidad humana de la víctima, pero también la del agresor, puesto que su acción le ha degradado en su dignidad como ser humano. Es un paradigma que está más centrado en la reparación que en la punición”. (pag.62) La imagen del psicólogo como colaborador, afirma que es una agente que intervine con dinamismos en actividades planeadas y emprendidas que busca producir cambios en el bienestar de las personas. En el proceso de acompañamiento trabaja directamente con la población afectada, valorándola, orientándola frente a la problemática que requiere mayor atención para superar el trauma. Palabras Claves: Escenarios de Violencia, Víctimas, Sobrevivientes, Subjetividad, Resiliencia, Empoderamiento, y emociones positivas.Abstract It is a work done because we show the progress in the thematic contents developed in deepening diploma in scenarios of violence. Once the psychosocial accompaniment offered to the population victim of the armed conflict is made, it aims to build a reflexive process in subjectivity that is transformative in coping resources such as resilience and empowerment, with a focus on the restoration of violated rights and the vindication of the dignity of the subjects affected by the acts of victimization. According to (Telles, Sánchez, Tejada & Villa, 2007) "the idea of restorative justice because we see a social relationship that breaks, that must be restored; in which the restitution of the human dignity of the victim is achieved, but also that of the aggressor, since his action has degraded him in his dignity as a human being. It is a paradigm that is more focused on reparation than punishment. " (pag.62) The image of the psychologist as a collaborator, affirms that she is an agent that intervened with dynamism in planned and undertaken activities that seeks to produce changes in the welfare of the people. In the accompaniment process, he works directly with the affected population, assessing it, orienting it to the problem that requires more attention to overcome the trauma. Key Words: Violence Scenarios, Victims, Survivors, Subjectivity, Resilience, Empowerment, and positive emotions

Surgical treatment for colorectal cancer: Analysis of the influence of an enhanced recovery programme on long-term oncological outcomes-a study protocol for a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study

Introduction The evidence currently available from enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes concerns their benefits in the immediate postoperative period, but there is still very little evidence as to whether their correct implementation benefits patients in the long term. The working hypothesis here is that, due to the lower response to surgical aggression and lower rates of postoperative complications, ERAS protocols can reduce colorectal cancer-related mortality. The main objective of this study is to analyse the impact of an ERAS programme for colorectal cancer on 5-year survival. As secondary objectives, we propose to analyse the weight of each of the predefined items in the oncological results as well as the quality of life. Methods and analysis A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted in patients older than 18 years of age who are scheduled to undergo surgery for colorectal cancer. The study involved 12 hospitals with an implemented enhanced recovery protocol according to the guidelines published by the Spanish National Health Service. The intervention group includes patients with a minimum implementation level of 70%, and the control group includes those who fail to reach this level. Compliance will be studied using 18 key performance indicators, and the results will be analysed using cancer survival indicators, including overall survival, cancer-specific survival and relapse-free survival. The time to recurrence, perioperative morbidity and mortality, hospital stay and quality of life will also be studied, the latter using the validated EuroQol Five questionnaire. The propensity index method will be used to create comparable treatment and control groups, and a multivariate regression will be used to study each variable. The Kaplan-Meier estimator will be used to estimate survival and the log-rank test to make comparisons. A p value of less than 0.05 (two-tailed) will be considered to be significant. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Aragon Ethical Committee (C.P.-C.I. PI20/086) on 4 March 2020. The findings of this study will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals (BMJ Open, JAMA Surgery, Annals of Surgery, British Journal of Surgery). Abstracts will be submitted to relevant national and international meetings.The present research study was awarded a Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación health research project grant (PI19/00291) from the Carlos III Institute of the Spanish National Health Service as part of the 2019 call for Strategic Action in Health

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Annual Conference on Formative Research on EFL. Practices thar inspire change.

The conference papers of the Annual Conference on Formative Research on EFL. Practices thar inspire change collect pedagogical experiences, research reports, and reflections about social issues, language teaching, teaching training, interculturality under the panorama of the Covid-19 pandemic. Each paper invites the reader to implement changes in their teaching practice through disruptive pedagogies, reflect on the social and emotional consequences of the lockdown, new paths for teacher training and different approaches for teaching interculturality. We expect to inspire new ways to train pre-service teachers and teach languages in this changing times

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research