Identifikasi Rantai-Pasok Dalam Industri Konstruksi Indonesia Untuk Pengembangan Sistem Penjaminan Mutu

. The construction industry products are usually created based on request from the clients (government organizations or private sector) by the contracted second party (contractor) who mobilizes various resources such as construction material, equipment and labor, which are supplied by a series of suppliers then assembled at the project site by the various contractors (prime and sub-contractors).The supply chain within the construction production process during the construction stage has been identified, in light of investigating the quality assurance processes within each supply chain components. Observations are made by survey to project sites through semi-structured depth interviewing for all the supply chain actors within the case study projects. Indicators used in the survey are based on ISO 9001:2000 procedures already adopted by the contractors. The observation result shows that there are four basic elements required to assure the quality of the product: defining project scope, specifying features and baseline system, build product, and deliver product to customer. To implement these elements, twelve steps need to be completed by the supply chain parties in order to accomplish quality assurance process. The process is found to be very similar with those of ISO 9001:2000 standards.The result of this study is expected to be usefull for parties involved in construction industry in setting up their supply chain, where quality assurance of the construction products is a major issue in improving costumer satisfaction

Identifikasi Faktor Dominan Penyebab Kerentanan Bangunan Di Daerah Rawan Gempa, Provinsi Sumatera Barat

West Sumatra is one of the province in Indonesia owning high earthquake risk. Disaster data in last one decade show the existence of occurence of earthquake generating damage of building in gross. This matter indicate that building in West Sumatra susceptance of  earthquake. One of the building susceptance is management of construction which disagree with needed conditions, law and regulation goodness which in rough, and also execution of imprecise development, imprecise build, either from planning facet and scheme, execution and observation, and also from exploiting facet and treatment. It can make infrastructure and building susceptance of disaster. When disaster happened, construction sector product becoming not function, it will generate disaster victim, or generate big loss, because destruction of other infrastructure or building. Research identify dominant factor is building susceptance represent the part of research of dissertation in the effort to less of building susceptance ( mitigation) to earthquake, by :1) sekunder data analysis of building effect of earthquake 2) perception of building characteristic and practices build 3) interview to some construction expert and earthquake. Research location in six sub-province / disaster gristle town that is; Padang city, Padang Panjang city, sub province of  South Pesisir, sub province of Tanah Datar, sub province of Pariaman and west Pasaman. Research Object at building with floor lower and confined of un-confined masonry. To know potency cause of susceptance by triangulation and sintesis among the data, fact and opinion of expert. Result of research indicate that there are 23,6 % building residing in less condition or did not maintained. To be evaluated from building form, there are 11,1% less up to standard building hold up earthquake that is having regularity of vertical form and horizontal. Pursuant to characteristic usage of brick wall with building structure there are 40,8 % having structure system susceptance of earthquake that is using inappropriate practical log and column

The risks of construction grant support in toll road investment faced by Indonesia's government

In order to increase the role of private sector in infrastructure implementation in Indonesia, the Indonesia government facilitates Public-Private Partnership (PPP), such as by providing Viability Gap Funding (VGF) in the form of construction grants. Some projects get a construction grant but in toll road investment, the support is provided in another form. If the government provides construction grant on toll road investment, there would be risks that government need to face. This study aims to identify the said risks and analyse them so that the government could mitigate the risks. It is also could be used for devising public policy. This study is conducted qualitatively based on interviews with government officials, businessmen, and members of society. Based on the risk identification at each stage of the given support, there are 9 (nine) risks. After preliminary screening, the qualitative analysis and validation indicate that there are 4 (four) risks that must be mitigated by the government. These risks include: the possibility of being disapproved by the finance ministry, the approval process at the finance ministry takes a long time, it is too costly the state budget could not provide it and lastly, the difficulty of obtaining approval from the legislative

PEMILIHAN BENTUK MODEL PENILAIAN RISIKO BENCANA GEMPA BUMI UNTUK RUAS JALAN NASIONAL DI INDONESIA

Indonesia merupakan negara yang sangat rawan terhadap bencana alam. Bencana alam banjir, gempa bumi, longsor, gempa bumi, dan tsunami merupakan bencana alam yang banyak berpengaruh terhadap jalan dan jembatan di Indonesia. Gempa bumi merupakan bencana yang kejadiannya sulit diprediksi, tetapi dampak merusak gempa bumi sangat besar dibanding dengan bencana banjir yang selalu terjadi secara periodik. Pemerintah Indonesia belum memiliki manajemen risiko bencana alam yang menyeluruh untuk ruas jalan, terutama tahap mitigasi. Pada saat ini baru tersedia dan diterapkan pedoman untuk tahap tanggap darurat (setelah terjadi bencana). Pada saat ini telah berkembang model penilaian kuantitatif, kualitatif dan semi kuantitatif sebagai alat untuk menilai risiko bencana. Pemilihan bentuk model penilaian yang tepat sangat penting berkaitan dengan keluaran yang diharapkan. Masing-masing bentuk model penilaian memiliki kebutuhan masukan jumlah dan ketelitian/akurasi data. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memilih model penilaian risiko bencana gempa bumi untuk ruas jalan nasional. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah dengan studi literatur dan pengambilan data primer dengan wawancara. Hasil studi literatur dan pengamatan lapangan memperlihatkan bahwa model penilaian semi kuantitatif merupakan model yang paling cocok digunakan untuk Indonesi

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Manajemen kontraktor skala kecil dan kontrak yang melibatkan masyarakat

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Identifikasi Rantai-Pasok dalam Industri Konstruksi Indonesia untuk Pengembangan Sistem Penjaminan Mutu

Abstrak. Produk industri konstruksi biasanya dibuat atas dasar permintaan dari pemberi kerja (pemerintah atau swasta) oleh pihak kedua yang dikontrak (kontraktor), dengan mengerahkan berbagai sumberdaya seperti bahan konstruksi, peralatan, dan tenaga kerja. Dalam proses produksinya berbagai komponen produk konstruksi dipasok oleh berbagai pemasok yang bertingkat-tingkat, kemudian dirakit di lokasi proyek oleh para kontraktor, baik kontraktor utama maupun sub kontraktor. Rantai-pasok proses produksi konstruksi pada tahap pelaksanaan konstruksi telah didentifikasikan dalam rangka mengkaji bentuk-bentuk pengawasan dan penjaminan mutu pada rantai-pasok tersebut. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode survei ke lapangan melalui wawancara secara mendalam ke pelaku rantai-pasok pada proyek yang ditinjau. Indikator yang digunakan untuk pertanyaan wawancara dikembangkan berdasar pola ISO 9001:2000 yang telah diterapkan oleh para Kontraktor responden sebagai pelaku utama dalam rantai pasok. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkanadanya pola penjaminan mutu yang didasari empat elemen utama, meliputi pendefinisian jangkauan proyek, penetapan spesifikasi dan sistem dasar, pembuatan barang dan jasa, dan penyampaian barang dan jasa ke pelanggan. Elemen ini dilaksanakan dengan melakukan dua belas tindakan oleh pelaku rantai pasok sehingga akhirnya jaminan mutu dapat tercapai. Proses tersebut sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip yang ditetapkan dalam standar ISO 9001:2000. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi panduan bagi pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan dalam industri konstruksi, untuk membuat pola rantai pasok yang di dalamnya terdapat penjaminan mutu terhadap hasil kerja guna memperoleh kepuasan pengguna jasa.Abstract. The construction industry products are usually created based on request from the clients (government organizations or private sector) by the contracted second party (contractor) who mobilizes various resources such as construction material, equipment and labor, which are supplied by a series of suppliers then assembled at the project site by the various contractors (prime and sub-contractors).The supply chain within the construction production process during the construction stage has been identified, in light of investigating the quality assurance processes within each supply chain components. Observations are made by survey to project sites through semi-structured depth interviewing for all the supply chain actors within the case study projects. Indicators used in the survey are based on ISO 9001:2000 procedures already adopted by the contractors. The observation result shows that there are four basic elements required to assure the quality of the product: defining project scope, specifying features and baseline system, build product, and deliver product to customer. To implement these elements, twelve steps need to be completed by the supply chain parties in order to accomplish quality assurance process. The process is found to be very similar with those of ISO 9001:2000 standards.The result of this study is expected to be usefull for parties involved in construction industry in setting up their supply chain, where quality assurance of the construction products is a major issue in improving costumer satisfaction