Tissue-specific control of the endocycle by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome inhibitors UVI4 and DEL1

The endocycle represents a modified mitotic cell cycle that in plants is often coupled to cell enlargement and differentiation. Endocycle onset is controlled by activity of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting cell-cycle factors for destruction. CELL CYCLE SWITCH52 (CCS52) proteins represent rate-limiting activator subunits of the APC/C. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), mutations in either CCS52A1 or CCS52A2 activators result in a delayed endocycle onset, whereas their overexpression triggers increased DNA ploidy levels. Here, the relative contribution of the APC/C-CCS52A1 and APC/C-CCS52A2 complexes to different developmental processes was studied through analysis of their negative regulators, being the ULTRAVIOLET-B-INSENSITIVE4 protein and the DP-E2F-Like1 transcriptional repressor, respectively. Our data illustrate cooperative activity of the APC/C-CCS52A1 and APC/C-CCS52A2 complexes during root and trichome development, but functional interdependency during leaf development. Furthermore, we found APC/C-CCS52A1 activity to control CCS52A2 expression. We conclude that interdependency of CCS52A-controlled APC/C activity is controlled in a tissue-specific manner

The role of the frontal cortex in memory: an investigation of the Von Restorff effect

Evidence from neuropsychology and neuroimaging indicate that the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in human memory. Although frontal patients are able to form new memories, these memories appear qualitatively different from those of controls by lacking distinctiveness. Neuroimaging studies of memory indicate activation in the PFC under deep encoding conditions, and under conditions of semantic elaboration. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the PFC enhances memory by extracting differences and commonalities in the studied material. To test this hypothesis, we carried out an experimental investigation to test the relationship between the PFC-dependent factors and semantic factors associated with common and specific features of words. These experiments were performed using Free-Recall of word lists with healthy adults, exploiting the correlation between PFC function and fluid intelligence. As predicted, a correlation was found between fluid intelligence and the Von-Restorff effect (better memory for semantic isolates, e.g., isolate “cat” within category members of “fruit”). Moreover, memory for the semantic isolate was found to depend on the isolate's serial position. The isolate item tends to be recalled first, in comparison to non-isolates, suggesting that the process interacts with short term memory. These results are captured within a computational model of free recall, which includes a PFC mechanism that is sensitive to both commonality and distinctiveness, sustaining a trade-off between the two

F-Box protein FBX92 affects leaf size in Arabidopsis thaliana

F-box proteins are part of one of the largest families of regulatory proteins that play important roles in protein degradation. In plants, F-box proteins are functionally very diverse, and only a small subset has been characterized in detail. Here, we identified a novel F-box protein FBX92 as a repressor of leaf growth in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of AtFBX92 resulted in plants with smaller leaves than the wild type, whereas plants with reduced levels of AtFBX92 showed, in contrast, increased leaf growth by stimulating cell proliferation. Detailed cellular analysis suggested that AtFBX92 specifically affects the rate of cell division during early leaf development. This is supported by the increased expression levels of several cell cycle genes in plants with reduced AtFBX92 levels. Surprisingly, overexpression of the maize homologous gene ZmFBX92 in maize had no effect on plant growth, whereas ectopic expression in Arabidopsis increased leaf growth. Expression of a truncated form of AtFBX92 showed that the contrasting effects of ZmFBX92 and AtFBX92 gain of function in Arabidopsis are due to the absence of the F-box-associated domain in the ZmFBX92 gene. Our work reveals an additional player in the complex network that determines leaf size and lays the foundation for identifying putative substrates

Decoding the neural substrates of reward-related decision making with functional MRI

Although previous studies have implicated a diverse set of brain regions in reward-related decision making, it is not yet known which of these regions contain information that directly reflects a decision. Here, we measured brain activity using functional MRI in a group of subjects while they performed a simple reward-based decision-making task: probabilistic reversal-learning. We recorded brain activity from nine distinct regions of interest previously implicated in decision making and separated out local spatially distributed signals in each region from global differences in signal. Using a multivariate analysis approach, we determined the extent to which global and local signals could be used to decode subjects' subsequent behavioral choice, based on their brain activity on the preceding trial. We found that subjects' decisions could be decoded to a high level of accuracy on the basis of both local and global signals even before they were required to make a choice, and even before they knew which physical action would be required. Furthermore, the combined signals from three specific brain areas (anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and ventral striatum) were found to provide all of the information sufficient to decode subjects' decisions out of all of the regions we studied. These findings implicate a specific network of regions in encoding information relevant to subsequent behavioral choice

Reinstated episodic context guides sampling-based decisions for reward.

How does experience inform decisions? In episodic sampling, decisions are guided by a few episodic memories of past choices. This process can yield choice patterns similar to model-free reinforcement learning; however, samples can vary from trial to trial, causing decisions to vary. Here we show that context retrieved during episodic sampling can cause choice behavior to deviate sharply from the predictions of reinforcement learning. Specifically, we show that, when a given memory is sampled, choices (in the present) are influenced by the properties of other decisions made in the same context as the sampled event. This effect is mediated by fMRI measures of context retrieval on each trial, suggesting a mechanism whereby cues trigger retrieval of context, which then triggers retrieval of other decisions from that context. This result establishes a new avenue by which experience can guide choice and, as such, has broad implications for the study of decisions

Pemeriksaan Kadar Residu Oksitetrasiklin Hidroklorida dan Tetrasiklin Hidroklorida dalam Udang Windu (Penaeus Monodon Fabricius) Pada Beberapa Lokasi Tambak Sidoarjo Secara KLT-Densitometri

Udang windu mempunyai nilai ekonomis yang lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan jenis udang lainnya sehingga disamping untuk konsumsi dalam negeri udang windu mempunyai peranan penting dalam perolehan devisa negara. Untuk mencegah turunnya produksi udang windu yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh penyakit bakterial, petani tambak sering menggunakan antibiotika yang diberikan melalui pakan atau air tambak. Jika penggunaannya tidak tepat, dapat menyebabkan adanya residu antibiotika tersebut pada tubuh udang. Pada penelitian ini, sampel udang windu diambil dari tiga lokasi tambak di Sidoarjo berdasarkan jumlah produksi udang windu terbesar tiap tahunnya. Untuk analisis digunakan metode KlT-densitometri. Sebelum pemeriksaan sampel, terlebih dahulu dilakukan validasi metode dengan parameter selektifitas, linieritas, batas deteksi, batas kuantitasi, akurasi dan presisi. Pada penentuan kadar Oksitetrasiklin HCl dan Tetrasiklin HCl dalam udangwindu, metode yang digunakan telah memenuhi persyaratan validasi. Untuk selektifitas digunakan fase gerak kloroform : metanol : 5% Na2 EDTA ( 65 : 20 : 5), diambil lapisan bawah, Sedangkan persyaratan validasi lain untuk Oksitetrasiklin HCl diperoleh linieritas dengan harga r : 0,996676221 dan harga Vxo = 3,73%, batas deteksi = 0,0560 µg, batas kuantitasi : 0,1865 µg, akurasi : 90,90% dan presisi = 7,45%. Untuk Tetrasiklin HCl diperoleh linieritas dengan harga r : 0,999I 2758 7 dan Vxo = l,9l%, batas deteksi = 0,0286 µg, batas kuantitasi = 0,0954 µg, akurasi = 90,46% dan presisi: 6,76%. Hasil penclitian menunjukkan bahwa udang windu dari ketiga lokasi tambak di Sidoarjo tidak mengandung residu Oksitetrasiklin HCL tetapi mengandung residu Tetrasiklin HCL dengan kadar untuk lokasi tambak X = 90,7619 µg/g berat basah atau 412,7415 µg/g berat kering, lokasi tambak Y : 186,4332 pg/g berat basah atau 918,3899 µg/g berat kering, lokasi tambak Z : 279,4517 µg/g berat basah atau 13 54,58 86 µg/g berat kerin

Associative Retrieval Processes in Episodic Memory

Association and context constitute two of the central ideas in the history of episodic memory research. Following a brief discussion of the history of these ideas, we review data that demonstrate the complementary roles of temporal contiguity and semantic relatedness in determining the order in which subjects recall lists of items and the timing of their successive recalls. These analyses reveal that temporal contiguity effects persist over very long time scales, a result that challenges traditional psychological and neuroscientific models of association. The form of the temporal contiguity effect is conserved across all of the major recall tasks and even appears in item recognition when subjects respond with high confidence. The nearuniversal form of the contiguity effect and its appearance at diverse time scales is shown to place tight constraints on the major theories of association

Investigación de modelo de liderazgo para organizaciones que realizan trabajo híbrido en Chile

Organizaciones en todo el mundo se vieron desafiadas y obligadas a inicios de 2020 a implementar trabajo remoto para sus trabajadores/as sin preparación previa, producto de los confinamientos y cuarentenas establecidos a nivel global producto de la pandemia del COVID-19 para frenar la tasa de contagio. Este desafío se logró afrontar gracias a la tecnología que permite hoy en día ejecutar trabajo a distancia, apalancándose de la innovación, la conectividad, la ciberseguridad, posibilitando el trabajo presencial, virtual, remoto y mixto. Cuando el trabajo combina modalidades presencia-les, virtuales, remotas o mixtas, se conoce como trabajo híbrido. Luego de dos años de trabajo en pandemia, quedó en evidencia tanto las ventajas del trabajo híbrido en términos de productividad, flexibilidad, satisfacción y convalidación de la vida personal y familiar de las personas, como también sus desventajas, asociadas al estrés laboral, problemas de salud mental, dolencias ergonómicas, exclusión, soledad y desalineamiento de los colaboradores con la empresa. Y junto con ello, se observó que estas desventajas pueden ser disminuidas o eliminadas acorde al nivel de involucramiento de lo/as líderes con sus trabajadores/as, su preocupación, consejo, las acciones que ejecutan y el ejemplo que entregan en beneficio a sus colaboradores. Por esa razón, ante esta nueva forma de trabajo, es relevante preguntar: ¿Qué liderazgo se requiere para el Trabajo Híbrido? Para responder esta pregunta, esta Memoria buscó identificar las características del trabajo híbrido y requerimientos, analizando las prácticas realizadas para aumentar la productividad, confianza, satisfacción de los trabajadores, inclusión y retención del talento, para posteriormente identificar cuál/es modelo/s de liderazgo mejor ejecuta ese tipo de acciones y con ello, proponer el liderazgo que se requiere para poder ejercer de forma integral el Trabajo Híbrido. Para ello, mediante una investigación bibliográfica, se identificaron prácticas de liderazgo recomen-dadas a nivel internacional para implementar el trabajo híbrido. Se realizaron entrevistas a trabajado-res/as de distintas empresas en Chile, abarcando una diversidad de edades y rubros para contrastar sus respuestas con la bibliografía. Por último, una encuesta a representantes de Gestión de Personas en Chile complementó los hallazgos de las entrevistas. Del análisis de las entrevistas y encuesta se concluye que para abordar y satisfacer todas las necesidades y requerimientos del liderazgo en contexto de Trabajo Híbrido en organizaciones chilenas, se requiere capacitar, aprender y practicar un liderazgo que sea el resultado de la unión entre el Liderazgo Transformacional, Conductual y Servicial.Versión original del auto

Recall termination in free recall

Although much is known about the dynamics of memory search in the free recall task, relatively little is known about the factors related to recall termination. Reanalyzing individual trial data from 14 prior studies (1,079 participants in 28,015 trials) and defining termination as occurring when a final response is followed by a long nonresponse interval, we observed that termination probability increased throughout the recall period and that retrieval was more likely to terminate following an error than following a correct response. Among errors, termination probability was higher following prior-list intrusions and repetitions than following extralist intrusions. To verify that this pattern of results can be seen in a single study, we report a new experiment in which 80 participants contributed recall data from a total of 9,122 trials. This experiment replicated the pattern observed in the aggregate analysis of the prior studies

Behaviour change techniques: the development and evaluation of a taxonomic method for reporting and describing behaviour change interventions (a suite of five studies involving consensus methods, randomised controlled trials and analysis of qualitative data)

Background Meeting global health challenges requires effective behaviour change interventions (BCIs). This depends on advancing the science of behaviour change which, in turn, depends on accurate intervention reporting. Current reporting often lacks detail, preventing accurate replication and implementation. Recent developments have specified intervention content into behaviour change techniques (BCTs) – the ‘active ingredients’, for example goal-setting, self-monitoring of behaviour. BCTs are ‘the smallest components compatible with retaining the postulated active ingredients, i.e. the proposed mechanisms of change. They can be used alone or in combination with other BCTs’ (Michie S, Johnston M. Theories and techniques of behaviour change: developing a cumulative science of behaviour change. Health Psychol Rev 2012;6:1–6). Domain-specific taxonomies of BCTs have been developed, for example healthy eating and physical activity, smoking cessation and alcohol consumption. We need to build on these to develop an internationally shared language for specifying and developing interventions. This technology can be used for synthesising evidence, implementing effective interventions and testing theory. It has enormous potential added value for science and global health. Objective (1) To develop a method of specifying content of BCIs in terms of component BCTs; (2) to lay a foundation for a comprehensive methodology applicable to different types of complex interventions; (3) to develop resources to support application of the taxonomy; and (4) to achieve multidisciplinary and international acceptance for future development. Design and participants Four hundred participants (systematic reviewers, researchers, practitioners, policy-makers) from 12 countries engaged in investigating, designing and/or delivering BCIs. Development of the taxonomy involved a Delphi procedure, an iterative process of revisions and consultation with 41 international experts; hierarchical structure of the list was developed using inductive ‘bottom-up’ and theory-driven ‘top-down’ open-sort procedures (n = 36); training in use of the taxonomy (1-day workshops and distance group tutorials) (n = 161) was evaluated by changes in intercoder reliability and validity (agreement with expert consensus); evaluating the taxonomy for coding interventions was assessed by reliability (intercoder; test–retest) and validity (n = 40 trained coders); and evaluating the taxonomy for writing descriptions was assessed by reliability (intercoder; test–retest) and by experimentally testing its value (n = 190). Results Ninety-three distinct, non-overlapping BCTs with clear labels and definitions formed Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy version 1 (BCTTv1). BCTs clustered into 16 groupings using a ‘bottom-up’ open-sort procedure; there was overlap between these and groupings produced by a theory-driven, ‘top-down’ procedure. Both training methods improved validity (both p < 0.05), doubled the proportion of coders achieving competence and improved confidence in identifying BCTs in workshops (both p < 0.001) but did not improve intercoder reliability. Good intercoder reliability was observed for 80 of the 93 BCTs. Good within-coder agreement was observed after 1 month (p < 0.001). Validity was good for 14 of 15 BCTs in the descriptions. The usefulness of BCTTv1 to report descriptions of observed interventions had mixed results. Conclusions The developed taxonomy (BCTTv1) provides a methodology for identifying content of complex BCIs and a foundation for international cross-disciplinary collaboration for developing more effective interventions to improve health. Further work is needed to examine its usefulness for reporting interventions. Funding This project was funded by the Medical Research Council Ref: G0901474/1. Funding also came from the Peninsula Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care