Los roles de las Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador frente a los desafíos del cambio climático

Estudios científicos sostienen que el cambio climático amenaza la seguridad. Su capacidad de multiplicador de riesgos, en combinación con otros factores, le permite trascender de problemas ambientales y exacerbar conflictos sociales y económicos. Los países menos desarrollados son los más susceptibles a sus efectos. En Ecuador, un país megadiverso altamente vulnerable, es necesario examinar cómo las Fuerzas Armadas, desde el enfoque de la Defensa Nacional, pueden insertarse en las políticas de mitigación y adaptación frente a las amenazas que el cambio climático plantea a futuro, con la finalidad de establecer propuestas e identificar escenarios en los cuales logren desempeñar un rol. Para este estudio se aplica el método cualitativo, enmarcado en el análisis de la política pública, encuestas y entrevistas a personal de la institución castrense. Los hallazgos indican que desde el enfoque de la Defensa Nacional el cambio climático no se considera una amenaza y se asume como un riesgo. Las misiones complementarias o de apoyo a las instituciones del Estado posibilitan el nexo con el Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador en políticas de cambio climático y actualmente como una institución de respuesta ante desastres de origen natural y antrópico como institución adscrita al Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias. Sin embargo, la Política de la Defensa Nacional no precisa roles claros ante los efectos del cambio climático. Aspecto que puede ser trascendental ante la falta de acción climática en un escenario que ha superado 1 °C a nivel global con respecto a la era preindustrial y el continuo incremento de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. En este escenario, las Fuerzas Armadas tienen la posibilidad de emplearse en políticas de mitigación y adaptación de manera interagencial como una forma de garantizar la seguridad en un país altamente vulnerable a los efectos del cambio climático

A transcontinental comparison of the diversity and composition of tropical forest understory herb assemblages

Although tropical forests are renowned for their high plant diversity, to date there has been no global quantitative evaluation of the local species richness of terrestrial forest herbs in tropical forests. In this paper, richness and composition of terrestrial herb assemblages is compared in tropical forests of America, Africa and South East Asia. We established 86 non-continuous transects of 445m each. Herb species richness was analysed and compared to six environmental parameters using minimal adequate regression models and simultaneous autoregressive models. At the global scale, we found a close relationship between herb species richness and temperature parameters, with no differences between continents. The subdivision into three main taxonomic groups (ferns, monocots, dicots) showed that each group has distinct relations to environmental factors and differences in richness between continents. Most of the 72 families found have pantropical distributions but 12, 11, and 16 families were significantly over-represented in America, Africa, and Asia, respectively. Although total species richness was closely related to climatic factors, ferns, monocots and dicots were represented by distinct sets of families with varying species richness on each continent. Which species are found at a given site may thus reflect group-specific evolutionary and historical factor

A transcontinental comparison of the diversity and composition of tropical forest understory herb assemblages

Although tropical forests are renowned for their high plant diversity, to date there has been no global quantitative evaluation of the local species richness of terrestrial forest herbs in tropical forests. In this paper, richness and composition of terrestrial herb assemblages is compared in tropical forests of America, Africa and South East Asia. We established 86 non-continuous transects of 445 m each. Herb species richness was analysed and compared to six environmental parameters using minimal adequate regression models and simultaneous autoregressive models. At the global scale, we found a close relationship between herb species richness and temperature parameters, with no differences between continents. The subdivision into three main taxonomic groups (ferns, monocots, dicots) showed that each group has distinct relations to environmental factors and differences in richness between continents. Most of the 72 families found have pantropical distributions but 12, 11, and 16 families were significantly over-represented in America, Africa, and Asia, respectively. Although total species richness was closely related to climatic factors, ferns, monocots and dicots were represented by distinct sets of families with varying species richness on each continent. Which species are found at a given site may thus reflect group-specific evolutionary and historical factors

Concesiones mineras, conflictos y negociación en el valle de Íntag: caso Llurimagua (Tema Central)

Alrededor del mundo, las concesiones mineras suponen múltiples desafíos para las comunidades y el ambiente. Su complejidad da lugar a conflictos socioambientales que incluyen los procesos de negociación previos. El presente ensayo realiza un recorrido histórico por la actividad minera en Íntag mientras revisa los siete elementos del método de negociación de Harvard, orientados al logro de acuerdos de mutuo beneficio, en el contexto de la concesión de Llurimagua

Gestión administrativa: Estudio desde la administración de los procesos en una empresa de motocicletas y ensamblajes.

El objetivo de la investigación es indagar acerca de la gestión administrativa como como herramienta para gerenciar procesos administrativos en una empresa Motocicletas y Ensamblajes, cuyo objetivo central es el ensamble, fabricación, comercialización y distribución de motocicletas. La investigación es descriptiva, con enfoque cualitativo y elementos cuantitativos; usando el método inductivo, analítico sintético, lógico – histórico; se empleó la técnica de la encuesta, entrevista y análisis de documentos, para lograr recabar información, documentar, y corregir los procesos administrativos. Los resultados permiten inferir que se deben mejorar los procesos desarrollados en cada uno de los departamentos que conforman la empresa y orientar sus actividades hacia la optimización, un mejor desenvolvimiento del personal, mejora en tiempos de entrega de información entre departamentos, entre otros. Se concluye que existen debilidades en la administración o gestión de los procesos desarrollados, lo que limita el desarrollo pleno de labores cotidianas y la integración e interconexión de procesos. En función de ello, se encamina una propuesta de organización de procesos administrativos y operativos con el fin de incrementar la eficiencia de las operaciones desarrolladas

An enrichment method for temperature-sensitive and auxotrophic mutants of yeast

An enrichment procedure that exploits the difference in heat-sensitivity between exponentially growing and stationary phase cells has been developed for the isolation of yeast mutants. Enrichments of up to 12-fold for temperature-sensitive lethal mutants and of up to 15-fold for auxotrophs have been obtained with single cycles of selection. Still higher enrichments (to frequencies of greater than 90% and 80% for temperature-sensitive lethals and auxotrophs, respectively) have been obtained with multiple cycles of selection. The method requires no special parent strain, and seems adaptable to the selection of a wide variety of types of mutants.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47545/1/438_2004_Article_BF00274022.pd

Bullying escolar: um fenômeno multifacetado

School bullying can involve children in different ways, making them play different roles, among them, victims, bullies and bully-victims. The aim of this study was to describe how bullying occurs in high social vulnerability schools of Florianópolis metropolitan area and the roles played by students in this phenomenon. Overall, 409 children and adolescents from the 3rd to 5th grades and of two public elementary schools aged 8-16 years (X = 11.14) participated in this study. As a tool, the Olweus Questionnaire adapted to the Brazilian population was used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were applied by the Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests. As for results, 29.8% of boys and 40.5% of girls reported being victims; 32.3% of boys and 24.6% of girls reported being bullies. Victims were the most willing to help a colleague who is suffering from bullying (X = 1.54; p> 0.001), even if they do not know the victims (X = 1.57; p> 0.004). Bullies are differentiated from the group that does not participate (X = 1.73) and the group of victims (X = 2.34), being those who felt less alone (x = 1.47; p> 0.001). It was concluded that the information obtained in this study is indispensable in the search for alternatives to reduce school bullying. The strengthening of relations between school and students and a better preparation of teachers and school staff are extremely necessary to try to minimize the effects of risk factors to which these children are exposed and consequently violence at school.O bullying escolar pode envolver crianças de diferentes maneiras, fazendo com que essas assumam papéis diferenciados. Dentre estes, têm-se vítimas, agressores e vítimas-agressoras. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever como ocorre o bullying em escolas de alta vulnerabilidade social da Grande Florianópolis e os papéis assumidos pelos alunos nesse fenômeno. Quanto ao método, participaram 409 crianças e adolescentes do terceiro ao quinto ano e da quarta à sexta série do ensino fundamental, de duas escolas públicas municipais, com idades entre 8 e 16 anos (X=11,14). Como instrumento, utilizou-se o Questionário de Olweus adaptado à população brasileira. Para a análise dos dados, empregaram-se a estatística descritiva e estatística inferencial por meio dos testes Mann Whitney e Kruskal Wallis. Quanto aos resultados, 29,8% dos meninos e 40,5% das meninas relataram terem sido vítimas; já 32,3% dos meninos e 24,6% das meninas relataram terem sido agressores. As vítimas foram as que se mostraram mais dispostas a ajudar como podem um colega que esteja sofrendo agressão (X=1,54; p>0,001), mesmo que não o conheçam (X=1,57; p>0,004). Em contrapartida, os agressores se diferenciaram do grupo que não participa (X=1,73) e do grupo das vítimas (X=2,34), sendo aqueles que menos se sentiram sozinhos (X=1,47; p>0,001). Concluiu-se que as informações obtidas neste estudo são indispensáveis na busca de alternativas para redução do bullying escolar. O fortalecimento das relações entre escola e alunos, e um maior preparo dos professores e funcionários são extremamente necessários para tentar minimizar os efeitos dos fatores de risco a que essas crianças estão expostas e consequentemente a violência na escola.CAPES - Proc. nº 0815/14-4CIEC - Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança, IE, UMinho (UI 317 da FCT)Projeto Estratégico da FCT: UID/CED/00317/201

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI