268 research outputs found

    Bronquiolite Viral Aguda: Um Panorama Completo da Definição, Epidemiologia, Fisiopatologia, Sintomas, Tratamento e Desfecho

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    Introduction:  Acute Viral Bronchiolitis (AVB) is a common viral respiratory infection in childhood, primarily affecting infants under 2 years of age. Predominantly caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in up to 90% of cases, AVB results in inflammation and obstruction of the smaller airways, manifesting as cough, wheezing, and respiratory difficulty. The disease is particularly dangerous for premature infants, children with congenital heart diseases, or immunodeficiencies, with up to 30% requiring hospitalization, significantly impacting healthcare systems and the quality of life of families. Method: An integrative literature review was conducted in June 2024 using databases such as PubMed/Medline and SciELO. The descriptors "bronchiolitis," "respiratory infection," "virus," and "infant" were combined with the boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Inclusion criteria involved research from 2004 to 2024 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Case reports, duplicate articles, or non-pertinent studies were excluded. Eighteen scientific articles and chapters from the "Tratado de Pediatria" by the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (2017) were analyzed. Results: Bronchiolitis is defined as inflammation of the bronchioles, with guidelines varying between the American Academy of Pediatrics and European directives. It affects over one-third of children in their first two years of life, with up to 10% hospitalized. RSV is responsible for up to 75% of cases, followed by rhinovirus and other respiratory viruses. Bronchiolitis shows seasonality, with risk factors such as age under 6 weeks, prematurity, immunodeficiency, and congenital heart disease. It is characterized by inflammation, increased mucus production, necrosis, and airway edema. RSV, transmitted through inhalation of infected particles, causes epithelial necrosis and airway obstruction, leading to hyperinflation and atelectasis. Studies suggest an association between RSV infection and increased incidence of asthma in subsequent years. Initial symptoms include upper respiratory infection, progressing to respiratory difficulty, wheezing, tachycardia, and tachypnea. Severe cases require hospitalization. Differential diagnosis is essential, distinguishing from asthma, bacterial pneumonia, and other conditions. Treatment is predominantly supportive, with hydration and monitoring for warning signs. In 2013, the monoclonal antibody palivizumab was approved for prophylaxis in high-risk groups. Hypertonic saline nebulization showed efficacy in mild to moderate cases. The indiscriminate use of corticosteroids and bronchodilators is not recommended. Conclusion: AVB is a prevalent condition significant for pediatric hospitalizations, with RSV as the primary etiologic agent. Treatment is mainly supportive, with specific prophylaxis for high-risk groups. The review highlights the importance of appropriate clinical approaches and prevention for effective AVB management. Introdução:  A Bronquiolite Viral Aguda (BVA) é uma infecção respiratória viral comum na infância, afetando principalmente lactentes menores de 2 anos. Causada majoritariamente pelo Vírus Sincicial Respiratório (VSR) em até 90% dos casos, a BVA resulta em inflamação e obstrução das vias aéreas menores, manifestando-se por tosse, sibilância e dificuldade respiratória. A doença é especialmente perigosa para prematuros, crianças com doenças cardíacas congênitas ou imunodeficiências, com até 30% necessitando de hospitalização, impactando significativamente os sistemas de saúde e a qualidade de vida das famílias. Método: Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura em junho de 2024, utilizando bases de dados como PubMed/Medline e SciELO. Os descritores "bronquiolite", "infecção respiratória", "vírus" e "lactente" foram combinados com operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". Critérios de inclusão envolveram pesquisas de 2004 a 2024, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Excluíram-se relatos de caso, artigos duplicados ou não pertinentes. Foram analisados 18 artigos científicos e capítulos do "Tratado de Pediatria" da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (2017). Resultados: A bronquiolite é definida como inflamação dos bronquíolos, com diretrizes variando entre a Academia Americana de Pediatria e as europeias. Afeta mais de um terço das crianças nos primeiros dois anos de vida, com até 10% hospitalizadas. O VSR é responsável por até 75% dos casos, seguido por rinovírus e outros vírus respiratórios. A bronquiolite exibe sazonalidade, com fatores de risco como idade menor de 6 semanas, prematuridade, imunodeficiência e cardiopatia congênita. Caracteriza-se por inflamação, aumento de muco, necrose e edema das vias aéreas. O VSR, transmitido por inalação de partículas infectadas, provoca necrose epitelial e obstrução das vias aéreas, levando a hiperinsuflação e atelectasia. Estudos sugerem associação entre infecção por VSR e aumento da incidência de asma em anos posteriores.Inicia-se com sintomas de infecção das vias aéreas superiores, evoluindo para dificuldade respiratória, sibilos, taquicardia e taquipneia. Casos graves necessitam de hospitalização. Diagnóstico diferencial é essencial, diferenciando-se de asma, pneumonia bacteriana e outras condições. O tratamento é predominantemente de suporte, com hidratação e monitoramento dos sinais de alerta. Em 2013, o uso do anticorpo monoclonal palivizumabe foi aprovado para profilaxia em grupos de risco. A solução salina hipertônica por nebulização mostrou eficácia em casos leves a moderados. O uso indiscriminado de corticóides e broncodilatadores não é recomendado. Conclusão: A BVA é uma condição prevalente e significativa para internações pediátricas, com o VSR como principal agente etiológico. O tratamento é majoritariamente de suporte, com profilaxia específica para grupos de risco. A revisão destaca a importância de abordagens clínicas adequadas e prevenção para manejo eficaz da BVA

    Impact of safety-related dose reductions or discontinuations on sustained virologic response in HCV-infected patients: Results from the GUARD-C Cohort

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    BACKGROUND: Despite the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, peginterferon alfa/ribavirin remains relevant in many resource-constrained settings. The non-randomized GUARD-C cohort investigated baseline predictors of safety-related dose reductions or discontinuations (sr-RD) and their impact on sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients receiving peginterferon alfa/ribavirin in routine practice. METHODS: A total of 3181 HCV-mono-infected treatment-naive patients were assigned to 24 or 48 weeks of peginterferon alfa/ribavirin by their physician. Patients were categorized by time-to-first sr-RD (Week 4/12). Detailed analyses of the impact of sr-RD on SVR24 (HCV RNA <50 IU/mL) were conducted in 951 Caucasian, noncirrhotic genotype (G)1 patients assigned to peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin for 48 weeks. The probability of SVR24 was identified by a baseline scoring system (range: 0-9 points) on which scores of 5 to 9 and <5 represent high and low probability of SVR24, respectively. RESULTS: SVR24 rates were 46.1% (754/1634), 77.1% (279/362), 68.0% (514/756), and 51.3% (203/396), respectively, in G1, 2, 3, and 4 patients. Overall, 16.9% and 21.8% patients experienced 651 sr-RD for peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, respectively. Among Caucasian noncirrhotic G1 patients: female sex, lower body mass index, pre-existing cardiovascular/pulmonary disease, and low hematological indices were prognostic factors of sr-RD; SVR24 was lower in patients with 651 vs. no sr-RD by Week 4 (37.9% vs. 54.4%; P = 0.0046) and Week 12 (41.7% vs. 55.3%; P = 0.0016); sr-RD by Week 4/12 significantly reduced SVR24 in patients with scores <5 but not 655. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, sr-RD to peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin significantly impacts on SVR24 rates in treatment-naive G1 noncirrhotic Caucasian patients. Baseline characteristics can help select patients with a high probability of SVR24 and a low probability of sr-RD with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin

    Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

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    Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

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    Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

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    This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

    Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

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    One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

    Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

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    Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

    Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

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    Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

    Search for anomalous production of events with three or more leptons in pp collisions at √s = 8TeV

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    Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published articles title, journal citation, and DOI.A search for physics beyond the standard model in events with at least three leptons is presented. The data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5fb-1 of proton-proton collisions with center-of-mass energy s=8TeV, was collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC during 2012. The data are divided into exclusive categories based on the number of leptons and their flavor, the presence or absence of an opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pair (OSSF), the invariant mass of the OSSF pair, the presence or absence of a tagged bottom-quark jet, the number of identified hadronically decaying τ leptons, and the magnitude of the missing transverse energy and of the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta. The numbers of observed events are found to be consistent with the expected numbers from standard model processes, and limits are placed on new-physics scenarios that yield multilepton final states. In particular, scenarios that predict Higgs boson production in the context of supersymmetric decay chains are examined. We also place a 95% confidence level upper limit of 1.3% on the branching fraction for the decay of a top quark to a charm quark and a Higgs boson (t→cH), which translates to a bound on the left- and right-handed top-charm flavor-violating Higgs Yukawa couplings, λtcH and λctH, respectively, of |λtcH|2+|λctH|2<0.21

    Measurement of associated W plus charm production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

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