Cytogenetical studies in five Atlantic Anguilliformes fishes

The order Anguilliformes comprises 15 families, 141 genera and 791 fish species. Eight families had at least one karyotyped species, with a prevalence of 2n = 38 chromosomes and high fundamental numbers (FN). The only exception to this pattern is the family Muraenidae, in which the eight species analyzed presented 2n = 42 chromosomes. Despite of the large number of Anguilliformes species, karyotypic reports are available for only a few representatives. In the present work, a species of Ophichthidae, Myrichthys ocellatus (2n = 38; 8m+14sm+10st+6a; FN = 70) and four species of Muraenidae, Enchelycore nigricans (2n = 42; 6m+8sm+12st+16a; FN = 68), Gymnothorax miliaris (2n = 42; 14m+18sm+10st; FN = 84), G. vicinus (2n = 42; 8m+6sm+28a; FN = 56) and Muraena pavonina (2n = 42; 6m+4sm+32a; FN = 52), collected along the Northeastern coast of Brazil and around the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago were analyzed. Typical large metacentric chromosomes were observed in all species. Conspicuous polymorphic heterochromatic regions were observed at the centromeres of most chromosomes and at single ribosomal sites. The data obtained for Ophichthidae corroborate the hypothesis of a karyotypic diversification mainly due to pericentric inversions and Robertsonian rearrangements, while the identification of constant chromosome numbers in Muraenidae (2n = 42) suggests a karyotype diversification through pericentric inversions and heterochromatin processes

Esterase-D and chromosome patterns in Central Amazon piranha (Serrasalmus rhombeus Linnaeus, 1766) from Lake Catalão

This study presents additional genetic data on piranha (Serrasalmus rhombeus Linnaeus, 1766) complex previously diagnosed due to the presence of distinct cytotypes 2n = 58 and 2n = 60. Three esterase-D enzyme loci (Est-D1, Est-D2 and Est-D3) were examined and complemented with chromosomal data from 66 piranha specimens collected from Lake Catalão. For all specimens the Est-D1 and Est-D2 loci were monomorphic. In contrast, the Est-D3 locus was polymorphic with genotypes and alleles being differentially distributed in the previously described cytotypes and served as the basis for detecting a new cytotype (2n = 60 B). In cytotype 2n = 58 the Est-D3 locus was also polymorphic and presented Mendelian allelic segregation with four genotypes (Est-D311, Est-D312, Est-D322 and Est-D333) out of six theoretically possible genotypes, presumably encoded by alleles Est-D31 (frequency = 0.237), EsT-D32 (0.710) and Est-D33 (0.053). A Chi-squared (χ2) test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was applied to the Est-D3locus and revealed a genetic unbalance in cytotype 2n = 58, indicating the probable existence in the surveyed area of different stocks for that karyotypic structure. A silent null allele (Est-D30 with a high frequency (0.959) occurred exclusively in the 2n = 60 cytotype. On the other hand, the new cytotype 2n = 60 B described here for the first time was monomorphic for the presumably fixed Est-D33 allele. The data as a whole should contribute to the better understanding the rhombeus complex taxonomic status definitíon in the Central Amazon. © 2006 Sociedade Brasileira de Genética

Gendered self-views across 62 countries: a test of competing models

Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countries. Using data from 62 countries (N = 28,640), we examine binary gender gaps in agentic and communal self-views as a function of country-level objective gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and subjective distributions of social power (the Power Distance Index). Findings show that in more egalitarian countries, gender gaps in agency are smaller and gender gaps in communality are larger. These patterns are driven primarily by cross-country differences in men’s self-views and by the Power Distance Index (PDI) more robustly than the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We consider possible causes and implications of these findings

Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role

A Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo e a reconfiguração da identidade profissional da Enfermagem Brasileira La Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de São Paulo y la reconfiguración de la identidad profesional de la Enfermería Brasileña The University of São Paulo, School of Nursing and the Brazilian Nursing professional identity reconfiguration

Este estudo pretende contribuir para a reflexão em torno das representações da identidade profissional da enfermagem brasileira. Para tanto, recupera o tema a partir de imagens construídas sobre a noção de identidade, profissionalização da enfermagem e os negros no Brasil. Considera-se que as representações da inferioridade nata, erigidas para os negros, favoreceram a exclusão de mulheres negras da formação profissional da enfermagem. Com base na análise histórica e documentação pertinente, preservada no Centro Histórico-Cultural da Enfermagem Ibero-Americana, em especial, as Fichas de Admissão, os resultados permitem afirmar que, a Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo propiciou a inclusão de homens e mulheres negras na enfermagem profissional redimensionando a identidade da enfermagem brasileira.<br>Este estudio pretende contribuir para la reflexión alrededor de las representaciones de la identidad profesional de la enfermería brasileña. Para tanto, se recupera el tema a partir de imágenes construidas sobre el concepto de identidad, profesionalización de la enfermería y los negros en Brasil. Considerase que las representaciones de inferioridad nativa, erigidas para los negros, favorecieran la exclusión de mujeres negras de la formación profesional de enfermería. Embasado en un análisis histórico y documentación pertinente, preservada en el Centro Histórico-Cultural de la Enfermería Ibero-Americana, en especial, los registros de Admisión, los resultados permiten afirmar que, la Escuela de Enfermería, de la Universidad de São Paulo ha favorecido la inclusión de hombres y mujeres negras en la enfermería profesional redimensionando la identidad de la enfermería brasileña.<br>This study intends to contribute for reflection around Brazilian nursing professional identity. For this purpose the subject was rescued from images built up on the knowledge related to identity, nursing professionalization and the blacks in Brazil. It is considered that representations of native inferiority, raised for blacks, have favored the exclusion of black women from the professional nursing education. Based on historical analysis and pertinent documentation, preserved at the Historical-Cultural Center for the Iberian-American Nursing, particularly the admittance forms, outcomes allow to state that the University of Sao Paulo, School of Nursing, has provided the inclusion of men and black women into the professional nursing, thus re-dimensioning the Brazilian Nursing identity