Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde kurulan planlı kırsal yerleşmeler

The aim of this study is to evaluate the architectural characteristics of the planned rural settlements that the Ottoman Empire established for the relocation of the immigrants that had to leave their lands lost following the wars after 1850's. The evolution- in some 70 years time preceding the proclamation of the Turkish Republic- of these settlements, founded on administrative and legal dispositions, is also examined. The villages constructed at once on a vacant land in the rural area appeared in the 17th Century, in Europe. The motives and characteristics of these applications differ from one country to another. In England, for instance, planned villages are intended for workers or aim to improve the environment, whereas in Eastern Europe, German colonial villages are designed as a result of the expansionist politics of the Prussian State. In the Ottoman Empire, the first attempts were for the immigrants that came to Silistre (actual Bulgaria), after the Crimean War of 1856. In this first stage, a regulation defining the relocation principles was sent on 3 May 1856 to the Governorship of Silistre by the Ottoman State. According to this regulation the immigrants would be kindly treated, emergent help would be provided, they would be given appropriate lands for agriculture and would be exempt from military service and taxes. In this period, the approach of the Ottoman Empire for planned villages was to relocate a great number of immigrants in a quick, practical and egalitarian way and to help them become productive farmers in a short delay. To reach this aim, not only social and economic assistance was provided but also orthogonal planned settlements and simple two unit dwellings were constructed. After the Crimean War, as immigrants from Crimea and the Caucasus crowded, legal and administrative arrangements for only the provinces accepting the immigrants became insufficient. The first Commission of Immigrants has been settled on 5 January 1860, thus helping the relocation of immigrants in a certain order and at proper places. In this frame, especially in various provinces of Inner Anatolia and in Adana, many new villages were founded. In Rumelia, and especially in Tuna Province (actual Bulgaria) governed by Midhat Pasha a great number of villages were settled. During the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878, more than two million immigrants from the Caucasus and the Balkans fled into Anatolia. In this period, as the state's power was not sufficient, besides the Anatolian planned villages, the crowds were provided with lands and encouraged to construct their own villages. In this chaotic environment however, in order to set up a certain order, the first General Settling Regulation is prepared. The new settlements are given an official name after imperial approval and gain the status of village. At the same period, as the state's efforts for occidentalisation, or modernization, gained impetus at every field, it is observed that in spite of all difficulties, legal arrangements are not neglected and principal public buildings such as school and mosque are more and more constructed. The official ceremonies preceding and succeeding the construction of new villages is a proof of the importance given to the matter. However, the most important development in the improvement of rural settlements occurred during the Union and Progress Party's Period (1913-18). The occidentalisation approach which is under way since the political reforms of 1839, not only makes way to the centralization of the state's administrative formation and the organization and renewal of urban spaces, but also leads to think about the underdevelopment of rural areas and one of the state's  basic aims becomes the improvement of this problem. In this context, many planned villages are modelled. The village house is consisting of many spaces where functional differentiation follows the urban dwellings. In the settlement, there are various public buildings and open areas besides dwellings. One of the most important factors that effects the planning and architecture are hygienic conditions, after the awareness that the epidemic diseases are the result of improper built environments. This conscience resulted in growing importance given to hygienic conditions in village projects and furthermore, new rules and regulations for the renewal of existing villages were decreed. In this period, besides the efforts of the state, some civil initiatives also started to think about "rural problem" and experimental models were tried. Some private companies, supported by loans, have developed proposals for constructing exemplary villages. The Union and Progress Party's Period being an era of continuous wars, the projects of both the state and private enterprises could not be brought into application but yet an important intellectual heritage was lent to the Turkish Republic. Keywords: Rural architecture, planned rural settlement, Ottoman period.1683–1699 Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşları sonucunda kaybedilen topraklardaki Müslüman kitlelerin göçmen durumuna düşmesiyle, Osmanlı Devleti ilk olarak iç kesimlere göçmen yerleştirme sorunuyla karşılaşmıştır. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar sistemsiz bir biçimde olaylara göre şekillenen iskân yaklaşımı, 1856 Kırım Savaşı sırasında kısa sürede çok sayıda göçmenin gelmesi nedeniyle değişmeye başlamıştır. Bu dönemde Silistre Vilayeti için geçerli bölgesel bir tüzük çıkartılıp, göçmen komisyonu kurularak devlet tarafından planlı köyler oluşturulmuş, göçmenlere evin yanı sıra arazi, çift hayvanı ve tohumluk da verilerek, kısa zamanda üretken çiftçi olmaları sağlanmıştır. 1877–1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sürecinde iki milyondan fazla göçmenin gelmesi nedeniyle, ülke çapında geçerli bir tüzük çıkartılarak, yeni ve gelişkin bir göçmen komisyonu kurulmuş, büyük bir iskân faaliyetinin yanı sıra köylerde okul ve cami gibi iki temel kamusal yapının da inşa edilmesine çalışılmıştır. Ancak yine de bu dönemde devlet tarafından inşa ettirilen planlı köylerin sayısı göçmenlerin kurduğu köylerin sayısına göre çok daha azdır. 2. Meşrutiyet’in ilanıyla birlikte ülkede köklü yönetim değişikliğine bağlı olarak genel politika ve fikirsel ortam da geçmişten farklılaşmış, yalnız göçmen iskânı değil mevcut köylerdeki yaşam düzeyinin yetersizliği de devlet tarafından ele alınmış ve “köy sorunu” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu dönemde bütün köylerin çağdaş, düzenli ve sağlıklı bir yapılı çevreye kavuşması için çeşitli yönetmelikler ve kurumlar oluşturulmuştur. Dönemin sürekli savaş ortamında çok fazla uygulama yapma olanağı bulunamamışsa da, İttihat ve Terakki Dönemi öncülü olduğu Cumhuriyet Dönemi’ne önemli bir fikirsel miras bırakmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kırsal mimari, planlı köy, Osmanlı dönemi.&nbsp

Port of Famagusta: Development of a Mediterranean port from 13th to 20th Century

Kıbrıs’ın doğu kıyılarında konumlanmış olan Gazimağusa Limanı, doğal korunma niteliklerinden dolayı tarih boyunca adadaki en iyi demirleme imkânlarını sağlamıştır. Liman, bir iç liman ve bir dış limandan oluşmaktadır. Dış Liman 1,5 km uzunluğundadır ve doğal resiflerle çevrilmiştir. İç Liman ise, deniz surları boyunca, İç Kale ve Arsenal Kulesi arasında uzanan, karşısında bulunan üç ada dolayısıyla da çok güvenli ve korumalıdır. 13. yüzyılda, ‘Lüzinyan Krallığının’ adadaki yönetiminin başlamasının ardından, Gazimağusa ana limana dönüşmüştür. Gazimağusa’nın tercih edilme sebepleri, Kutsal Topraklardaki limanlara ve Küçük Ermenistan’a yakınlığı ve coğrafi üstünlükleridir. Limanın savunması için 1232 yılında kullanılmış olan bir kuleden söz eden F. Amadi, kentteki ve limandaki bir yapıyla ilgili en erken tarihli bilgileri vermiştir. Gazimağusa Limanı’nın ihtiyaçları olan tersane ve bir kale 1300 yılından önce buradaki yerini almıştır. 1308 yılında, İç Kale ve ‘Torion del Arsenale’ arasındaki deniz surları ve Deniz Kapısı’nın inşaatının devam ettiği bilinmektedir. Kısa bir süre sonra kale karşıdaki doğal resiflerle bir zincirle birleştirilmiş, daha sonraları resiflerin üzerine bir kule inşa edilmiştir. 14. yüzyıl sonuna kadar limanın çoğunlukla savunmaya yönelik olan fiziksel öğelerinin büyük bir kısmı tamamlanmıştır. Savunma ve limanın işletilmesi için gerekli fiziksel öğelerden sonra, kara tarafındaki kentsel mekânlar ve yapılar yerlerini almışlardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Gazimağusa Limanı’nın, tersane, tersane kapısı, Deniz kapısı/kapıları, kale/iç kale, kuleler/gözetleme kulelerinden oluşan fiziksel öğelerinin, 1250 yılından 1950 yılına kadar süren 700 yıl boyunca sürekliliğini ve değişimini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir.  Anahtar Kelimeler: Akdeniz kenti, Gazimağusa, liman, kentsel dönüşüm.Cyprus, in the middle of Eastern Mediterranean, is an island whose economy laid on sea trade since Prehistoric times. Its ports, with changing significances through history were the main scenes of its past. Among its port cities, Famagusta is a more recent one comparing with the others. Its name began to emerge only after 10th century, parallel to decline of Salamis/Constantia, facing with many problems like earthquakes, Arab invasions and its silted up harbour. Port of Famagusta, which is located at the back of Famagusta Bay on the east shores of Cyprus, had supplied the best anchorage possibilities in the island throughout its history, because of its natural protection. The port consists of an outer and an inner port. The outer port is 1.5 km long and surrounded by natural reefs. The inner port, lying along the sea walls, between Citadel and Arsenal Tower, is very safe and protected due to three small islands on the sea side. In 13th century, after the reign of a noble crusader family "Lusignan", Famagusta became the main port. Famagusta was favourable because of its closeness to the ports of Holy Land and Ayas in Lesser Armenia and its geographical advantages. F. Amadi, mentioning a tower used for the defence of the port in his "Chronicle", gave the earliest remarks on a building on the port and in the town in 1232. The essentials of the port of Famagusta, an arsenal and a castle were settled soon before 1300. In 1308, its sea walls and sea gate were under construction between the castle and "Torion del Arsenale". After a short while, the castle had been connected with the opposing end of the natural reefs with a chain, and afterwards a tower had been built on the reefs. So, the port was divided into two: outer harbour and inner harbour. The development of the port of Famagusta had been extensively completed until the end of the 14th century. The physical elements of the port mostly had defence functions. Presenting the importance of the port as a defence line, these elements preserved their significance until military technology changed in the 19th century. The chain was still there at the beginning of 20th century. The urban spaces and buildings along the land side of the port have been located, after the development of physical features needed for the defence and operation of the port. After Lamberto di Sambuceto?s notes, many important public buildings were constructed between the Citadel and Arsenal Tower, in the early 14th century. The buildings known to be located along the port, from the Citadel to the Arsenal Tower are the Genoese Loggia, the Venetian Loggia, the Customs Buildings, St. Anthony Church and Hospital, and the Fish Market. On the south-west of the Citadel, one of the oldest buildings of the city, St. George of the Latins Church is located. These buildings have generated a dense axis along the port in this period. So, the administrative, religious and commercial elements had been settled after the military ones, along the port. After 1373 Genoese period started and lasted for 90 years in the city. During this period the activities of the port of Famagusta had declined. It is known that the Genoese put their efforts more on defense improvement works. After a short period of Lusignans after Genoese in the city, Venetians managed the sovereignty of the island. During Venetians port development gained importance. Arsenal, sea-gate, citadel on sea-side, sea walls and towers were all improved/ rebuilt together with other parts of fortifications. The improvements to the port were the last for the pre-modern times. There had been done very little for the port during Ottoman Period after 1571, as the east port of island Larnaca became the main port after the Ottoman conquest. British rule, taking into account the capacity of port of Famagusta, made projections for Famagusta port. Famagusta harbour development projects were realised in three phases in 1905, 1933, and 1965. This study aims to search the continuity and change of physical elements of the port during a 700 years period, from 1250 to 1950 comprising arsenal, arsenal gate, sea-gate/gates, castle/citadel, towers/watch-towers, chain, custom-houses, reefs, and its borders. The physical changes of the port in centuries are represented on maps. Keywords: Mediterranean city, Famagusta, port, urban transformation

Bantaeng masa prasejarah ke masa Islam

Buku ini memaparkan perialanan dalam waktu, dan membawa kitake masa yang sangat paniang dari masa prasejarah sekitar a1500 tahun yanglalu, dimulai dari kebudayaan batu diikuti logam (Paleometalik) di Gua BatuEiaya dan Panganreang Tudea. Selaniutnya kebudayaan megalitik yang terusmentradisi menopang budaya penguasa lokal awal di beberapa situssebagaimana dituniukkan bukti arkeologis. Berdasarkan sumberhistoriografi, buku ini luga menampilkan genealogi raia-raia Bantaeng danperannya dalam perdagangan mondial. Agama Islam yang datang kemudian(tahun 1607) turut memperkaya khazanah budaya Bantaeng sebagaimana terlihat pada makam-makam kuno, mesjid, dan istana sejumlah situs. Bukti arkeologis dari masa Islam memberi kita gambaran mengenai fenomena akulturasi dan sinkritisme budaya lokal dan Islam sebagaimana terlihat padasitus makam lslam La Tenri Ruwa. Kemajuan peradaban Islam Bantaeng terlihat pula dari seni kaligrafi pada makam dan mesiid yang juga menunjukkan taraf pemahaman aiaran tauhid sampai abad XIX Masehi.Konsep-konsep umum seiarah kebudayaan dan perbandingan yang cukupluas di setiap bab memperkaya wawasan buku ini

Kentsel katmanlaşmanın belgelenmesi: Kayseri Cumhuriyet Meydanı ve yakın çevresi

Towns continuously do inherit the legacy of their historical past, keeping it within their memories, throughout their lives even though they are numerously re-settled and re-organized by various civilizations. They convey the outcomes of this social and spatial process as the inheritance of their past which are sometimes discovered and which are sometimes kept under wraps. The relation of every town with its past can be assessed as the inheritance of its stratified historical past. Towns, therefore, should be documented in tune with their stratified historical inheritance in order not only to elicit their historical connections that shed light on the future in local and even international levels, but also to use the outcomes of this documentation as dominating inputs for the planning of the town. This research attempts to systematically document the stratified inheritance of the Cumhuriyet Square of Kayseri, wherein various civilizations lived consecutively or even simultaneously for thousands of years, only by taking the physical dimensions of its spatiality. It is found in the research that the town has approximately a 4500 year of settlement history and the center of the town has at least 1500 years of past. After the major renovation projects began in the 1950s, only few numbers of historical values were left recently. And there are numerous historical values in the town that had not been documented or researched by systematic studies. The information of these historical values is got caught between various institutions and within intangible processes. It is necessary to document the information related to them systematically and in tune with a cultural inventory project in context of urban stratification thought. This process can be assessed as the systematic local information processing which is capable of articulating into the local and supra local information networks. This research aims to document the ascertained information of the temporal changes and of the Commercial and Administrative relations, which are located in the Cumhuriyet Square and its near by surroundings including the Madrasa of Sahabiye, the Roman, Mausoleum, buildings of the local administration, the Ok Bastion, the Tomb of Zeynel Abidin, the Complex of Hunad, the citadel, the Grand Bazaar and Kurşunlu Mosque. This study researches this area owing to three basic features. In the first place, it is the core area of administrative and military functions throughout the history. Besides, dense commercial activities have been intensified within these parts of the town; and finally it is one of the rarest examples of central business districts surrounded by a concentration of historical buildings. To anticipate the direction, various information sources are researched including the engravings, maps, photographs, traveler notes, research notes and registration censuses. This study includes a comprehensive and detailed field research as well as certain in depth interviews with the native citizens. Furthermore, several maps were scrutinized in the research. The first map is the Project for the Rectification of the Roads of Caesarea ordered by the Ministry of Transportation of the Ottoman Empire and prepared by Jean S. Euthychides in 1882 (Project De Rectification Des Rues De Caesareia). The second one is a 20th Century map of the town updated by Albert Gabriel and underpinned by various detailed drawings. Third, there is a 1/2000 scaled map having been prepared by engineer Cemal Bey in 1920s. Besides the Numerical Cadastral Map of the town which was prepared by the technical officer of the municipality in 1935 and the cadastral maps of 1948 are also researched. In addition, the first master plan of the town prepared by Kemal Ahmet Aru which was supervised by  German Planner Gustav Oelsner in 1944 has been one of the leading sources for the spatial transformation of the town after the 1950s. Another leading source for this transformation is the second master plan of the town which was prepared by Yavuz Taşçı in the mid 1970s. Finally, the recent maps of the town prepared by the municipality and various design projects of the Cumhuriyet Square are carefully researched in this study. Consequently, all these data is examined in relation to the detailed field researches and assessed in context of urban stratification within the historical continuity. The temporal, physical and urban change is explained chronologically and the urban stratification of the town center of Kayseri within the historical continuity is documented. Keywords: The Cumhuriyet Square of Kayseri, urban stratification, documentation.Kentler, ilk yerleşildikleri dönemden itibaren uygarlıklar tarafından defalarca yeniden üretilseler de, tarihi birikimlerini belleklerinde sürekli olarak saklarlar. Diğer bir ifadeyle, bu sosyal ve fiziki sürecin sonuçlarını, yer altında ve yer üstünde açığa çıkmış ya da gizlenmiş tarihin izleri olarak geleceğe aktarırlar. Bu bağlamda, her kentin geçmişiyle ilişkisi, katmanlaşarak günümüze ulaşan bir tarihi süreklilik olarak değerlendirilebilir. Aynı zamanda, bu bilginin belgelenmesi, kentlerin yerel ve uluslararası düzeyde geleceğe ışık tutan geçmişle bağlantısının ortaya çıkarılmasına olanak sağlar. Diğer yandan, kentin gelecekte üstleneceği rolün belirlenmesi, yaşayan, yok olan ya da yok olmaya yüz tutan bütün değerlerinin bilinmesi yönünde özellikle imar, tasarım ve korumaya yönelik planlama çalışmalarında önemli birer veri oluşturur. Bu çalışmada, geçmişi binlerce yıl öncesine dayanan, çeşitli uygarlıkların bir arada veya ard zamanlı olarak yaşadığı Kayseri Cumhuriyet Meydanı ve yakın çevresi, fiziksel anlamda katmanlaşmanın belgelenmesi açısından örneklem alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Tarihi birikimin çeşitli örneklerini bir arada bulunduran ve yaklaşık 1500 yıldır her dönemin isteklerine göre yeniden şekillenen ve kentin en önemli toplanma mekanı olan alan, kuzeyden doğuya Sahabiye Medresesi, duvar kalıntıları ve Roma Mezarı, Vilayet ve diğer idari yapılar, Ok Burcu ve Zeynel Abidin Türbesi, Hunad Külliyesi ile çevrelenmekte, güneyde İçkale, Kapalıçarşı, dışkale surları ve içindeki Roma Mezarı ile batıdan Kurşunlu Camisi yanında yer alan Mimar Sinan Parkı ile sınırlandırılmaktadır. Çalışma ile kentsel katmanlaşmanın bir kültür envanteri projesi kapsamında değerlendirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu süreç, yerel ve yerel üstü bilgi ağlarına da eklemlenme kabiliyetine sahip, kurumsal işbirliğine dayalı sürekli güncellenebilen bir sistematik bilgi oluşturulması şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kayseri Cumhuriyet Meydanı, kentsel katmanlaşma, belgeleme.&nbsp

ARCHAEOLOGICAL REVIEW OF THE ROOFS OF BANTAENG COLONIAL BUILDINGS: ITS SHAPE AND TYPOLOGI

The roof is one of the elements that can mark a colonial building. Related to this, there is an interest to studying the roofs on colonial buildings in Bantaeng, from the archaeological perspective, specifically the shape and type of roof used and its supporting elements. The benefit and purpose of this study are to provide additional information that is expected to enrich knowledge about the shape and typology of building roofs during the Dutch colonial period in South Sulawesi and Indonesia . This study was carried out using a qualitative approach and an inductive reasoning model. The data collection method is carried out by the desk research, through examination of data and pieces of information analysis using secondary data. The results of the study show a rich variety of roof shapes and typologies, with decorative elements includings dormer, gable, gablevent, roof trim, geveltoppen, nok acroterie, windwijzer, schoor, and tower

PELATIHAN PEMANDUAN WISATA ARKEOLOGI DI KAWASAN WISATA RAMMANG-RAMMANG KABUPATEN MAROS

Abstract. This article aims to provide an overview of archaeological tourism guiding training activities in the Rammang-Rammang Karst Area. Kampung Rammang-Rammang Salenrang, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi is popular with natural tourism and provides new experiences for visitors with boat attractions along the river, but not many people know that this area has great potential for the development of cultural tourism. The needs of the people in Rammang-Rammang are in providing knowledge and skills in guiding archaeological tourism in Rammang-Rammang. The program of activities carried out to help the community is guiding training with activity stages ranging from socialization, preparation of pocket books, training by distributing pocket books, guiding training on prehistoric cave sites. The results of the activity have a positive impact on the community, especially the training participants, namely they gain knowledge about various things related to karst, prehistoric caves and the Rammang-Ramamng environment that visitors usually ask about.               Abstrak. Artikel ini berujuan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai kegiatan pelatihan pemanduan wisata arkeologi di Kawasan Karst Rammang-Rammang. Kampung Rammang-Rammang Salenrang, Kabupaten Maros, Sulawesi Selatan popular dengan wisata alam dan memberikan pengalaman baru bagi pengunjung dengan atraksi perahu menyusuri sungai, namun tidak banyak yang tahu bahwa kawasan ini memiliki potensi besar untuk pengembangan cultural tourism. Kebutuhan masyarakat di Rammang-Rammang adalah dalam pembekalan pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam pemanduan wisata arkeologi di Rammang-Rammang. Program kegiatan yang dijalankan untum membantu masyarkat yakni pelatihan pemanduan dengan tahapan kegaiatn mulai dari sosialisasi, penyusunan buku saku, pelatihan dengan membagikan buku saku, pelatihan pemanduan di situs gua prasejarah. Hasil kegiatan memberikan dampak positif kepada masyarakat khususnya peserta pelatihan yaitu mereka mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang berbagai hal terkait karst, gua prasejarah dan lingkungan Rammang-Ramamng yang biasanya ditanyakan oleh pengunjung

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOPPENG WITH OTHER REGIONS BETWEEN 17TH AND 19TH CENTURIES BASED ON GRAVE DATA AT JERA LOMPOE

Jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng pra-Islam telah dibahas oleh beberapa peneliti sehingga kita memiliki gambaran yang luas tentang periode tersebut. Pada periode Islam, pemahaman kita tentang jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng masih terbatas, terutama dalam perspektif arkeologi. Artikel ini akan fokus pada diskusi tentang jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng berdasarkan data kubur Jera Lompoe, dengan titik berat analisis pada nisan kubur. Data sekunder berupa hasil kajian sejarah akan mendukung analisis arkeologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada lima informasi tentang jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-19, yaitu: (a) nisan Aceh tipe K, (b) nisan tipe hulu keris dan mahkota, (c) nisan tipe pedang, (d) makam duta kerajaan Sidenreng dan Pajung Luwu, dan (e) makam We Adang, istri salah seorang Raja Bone. Luasnya jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng pada abad ke-17 hingga ke-19 menjadi petunjuk tentang peran pentingnya dalam historiografi Sulawesi Selatan dan keikutsertaannya dalam trend penggunaan nisan kubur se-Nusantara.Hubungan Kerajaan Soppeng pra-Islam dengan wilayah lain telah dibahas oleh beberapa peneliti sehingga kita memiliki gambaran yang luas tentang periode tersebut. Pada periode Islam, pemahaman kita tentang hubungan budaya Kerajaan Soppeng masih terbatas, terutama dalam perspektif arkeologi. Artikel ini akan fokus pada diskusi tentang hubungan budaya Kerajaan Soppeng berdasarkan data kubur Jera Lompoe, dengan titik analisis pada nisan kubur. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei dan analisis tipe nisan. Data sekunder berupa hasil kajian sejarah akan menguatkan hasil analisis arkeologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada lima informasi tentang hubungan budaya Kerajaan Soppeng abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-19 berdasarkan data kubur , yaitu: (a) nisan Aceh tipe K, (b) nisan tipe hulu keris dan mahkota, (c) nisan tipe pedang, (d) makam duta Kerajaan Sidenreng dan Pajung Luwu, dan (e) makam We Adang, istri salah seorang Raja Bone. Luasnya hubungan budaya Kerajaan Soppeng pada abad ke-17 hingga ke-19 menjadi petunjuk tentang peran pentingnya dalam historiografi Sulawesi Selatan dan keikutsertaannya dalam kecenderungan penggunaan nisan kubur se-Nusantara     The relationship of the pre-Islamic Soppeng Kingdom with other regions has been discussed by several researchers, adding new data to this period. In the Islamic period, the observations of the cultural relations Soppeng had previously had were highly limited, especially from an archaeological perspective. This article presents conclusion drawn from grave data analysis of Jera Lompoe, gravestone being the core of analyses. Primary data were gathered through gravestone surveys; while secondary data were taken from related studies. The study indicates 5 findings: (a) Aceh type K, (b) keris hilt and crown type, (c) sword-type, (d) the tomb of the ambassadors of the Kingdom of Sidenreng and Pajung Luwu, and (e) the grave of We Adang, the wife of one of the Kings of Bone. The influential roles of Soppeng were apparent in the 17th and19th centurie

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries