Potencial en el uso de la consulta de patentes para determinar el estado de la tecnica. Analisis en microredes con energías renovables

In this document, we aim to show how important patent research is for technological and scientific development. We expose some of the main characteristics of patents, as well as the advantages that these documents have over the most commonly used sources of information in research, such as scientific and professional papers. We also cover the International Patent Classification, which should be known if one hopes to extract any valuable information from patents. Finally, we put everything into practice with a case of study regarding microgrids in power systems, with high penetration of renewable energy sources. With this study case, we invite the reader to include patent consulting into his or her literature research habits.En este artículo se busca exponer la importancia de la consulta de patentes en el marco del desarrollo científico y tecnológico. Se muestran las características principales de las patentes, así como las ventajas que estos documentos pueden ofrecer sobre las fuentes de información más usadas en la investigación tradicional, como artículos científicos y profesionales. También se expone la Clasificación Internacional de Patentes, que conviene conocer si se quiere extraer información de las patentes exitosamente. Para finalizar, se muestra un ejemplo de la consulta de patentes alrededor del caso de estudio de las microrredes en los sistemas de potencia, con alta penetración de energía renovable. Con este caso estudio se busca invitar al lector a incluir la consulta de patentes entre sus hábitos de búsqueda bibliográfica

Configuración del servicio de TVIP sobre simulador grafico GNS3

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad describir la implementación de un sistema IPTV con protocolo Multicast, basados en un escenario planteado de una entidad educativa a nivel nacional, cuya sede principal se encuentra en la ciudad de Bogotá, está a su vez esta interconectada con unas subsedes en las ciudades de Medellín y Barranquilla, las cuales requiere de un sistema avanzado de datos que soporte una infraestructura de red de nueva generación tipo NGN. Se hace mención de cada uno de los pasos, requerimientos, comandos y conceptos involucrados para el desarrollo y configuración del servicio IPTV sobre una red MPLS; de igual manera, se describen los pasos para definir un plan QoS con los respectivos anchos de banda correspondientes, que permitan su aplicación, apoyados en máquinas virtuales que permiten la simulación y verificación del funcionamiento correcto del sistema en cada una de las sedes en tiempo real, garantizando la viabilidad de la implementación del sistema IPTV. Palabras clave: Direccionamiento IP, Redes LAN, WAN, GNS3, protocolo OSPF, Multicast, QoS, IPTV, trafico, ancho de banda, RTP, (S, G), (*, G).The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of an IPTV system with Multicast protocol, based on a scenario of an educational entity at the national level, whose main office is located in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. At the same time, it is interconnected with sub-offices in the cities of Medellín and Barranquilla which require an advanced data system that supports a new generation network infrastructure type NGN. Mention is made of each one of the steps, requirements, commands, and concepts involved in the development and configuration of the IPTV service over an MPLS network. In the same way, the steps are described to define a QoS plan with the respective corresponding bandwidths that will allow its application, supported by virtual machines that allow the simulation and verification of the correct operation of the system in each of the venues in real-time, guaranteeing the viability of the implementation of the IPTV system. Keywords: IP addressing, LAN networks, WAN, GNS3, OSPF protocol, Multicast, QoS, IPTV, traffic, bandwidth, RTP, (S, G), (*, G)

Measurements of the inclusive neutrino and antineutrino charged current cross sections in MINERvA using the low-nu flux method

The total cross sections are important ingredients for the current and future neutrino oscillation experiments. We present measurements of the total charged-current neutrino and antineutrino cross sections on scintillator (CH) in the NuMI low-energy beamline using an in situ prediction of the shape of the flux as a function of neutrino energy from 2-50 GeV. This flux prediction takes advantage of the fact that neutrino and antineutrino interactions with low nuclear recoil energy (nu) have a nearly constant cross section as a function of incident neutrino energy. This measurement is the lowest energy application of the low-nu flux technique, the first time it has been used in the NuMI antineutrino beam configuration, and demonstrates that the technique is applicable to future neutrino beams operating at multi-GeVenergies. The cross section measurements presented are the most precise measurements to date below 5 GeV

Measurement of total and differential cross sections of neutrino and antineutrino coherent pi(+/-) production on carbon

Neutrino induced coherent charged pion production on nuclei, (nu) over bar (mu)A -\u3e mu(+/-)pi(-/+) A, is a rare inelastic interaction in which the four-momentum squared transferred to the nucleus is nearly zero, leaving it intact. We identify such events in the scintillator of MINERvA by reconstructing vertical bar t vertical bar from the final state pion and muon momenta and by removing events with evidence of energetic nuclear recoil or production of other final state particles. We measure the total neutrino and antineutrino cross sections as a function of neutrino energy between 2 and 20 GeV and measure flux integrated differential cross sections as a function of Q(2), E-pi, and theta(pi). The Q(2) dependence and equality of the neutrino and antineutrino cross sections at finite Q(2) provide a confirmation of Adler\u27s partial conservation of axial current hypothesis

Measurement of the muon antineutrino double-differential cross section for quasielastic-like scattering on hydrocarbon at E-v similar to 3.5 GeV

We present double-differential measurements of antineutrino charged-current quasielastic scattering in the MINERvA detector. This study improves on a previous single-differential measurement by using updated reconstruction algorithms and interaction models and provides a complete description of observed muon kinematics in the form of a double-differential cross section with respect to muon transverse and longitudinal momentum. We include in our signal definition zero-meson final states arising from multinucleon interactions and from resonant pion production followed by pion absorption in the primary nucleus. We find that model agreement is considerably improved by a model tuned to MINERvA inclusive neutrino scattering data that incorporates nuclear effects such as weak nuclear screening and two-particle, two-hole enhancements

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles at high transverse momenta in PbPb collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV

The azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles in PbPb collisions at nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV is measured with the CMS detector at the LHC over an extended transverse momentum (pt) range up to approximately 60 GeV. The data cover both the low-pt region associated with hydrodynamic flow phenomena and the high-pt region where the anisotropies may reflect the path-length dependence of parton energy loss in the created medium. The anisotropy parameter (v2) of the particles is extracted by correlating charged tracks with respect to the event-plane reconstructed by using the energy deposited in forward-angle calorimeters. For the six bins of collision centrality studied, spanning the range of 0-60% most-central events, the observed v2 values are found to first increase with pt, reaching a maximum around pt = 3 GeV, and then to gradually decrease to almost zero, with the decline persisting up to at least pt = 40 GeV over the full centrality range measured.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Search for new physics with same-sign isolated dilepton events with jets and missing transverse energy

A search for new physics is performed in events with two same-sign isolated leptons, hadronic jets, and missing transverse energy in the final state. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.98 inverse femtobarns produced in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. This constitutes a factor of 140 increase in integrated luminosity over previously published results. The observed yields agree with the standard model predictions and thus no evidence for new physics is found. The observations are used to set upper limits on possible new physics contributions and to constrain supersymmetric models. To facilitate the interpretation of the data in a broader range of new physics scenarios, information on the event selection, detector response, and efficiencies is provided.Comment: Published in Physical Review Letter

Compressed representation of a partially defined integer function over multiple arguments

In OLAP (OnLine Analitical Processing) data are analysed in an n-dimensional cube. The cube may be represented as a partially defined function over n arguments. Considering that often the function is not defined everywhere, we ask: is there a known way of representing the function or the points in which it is defined, in a more compact manner than the trivial one