A BAC-based physical map of the Hessian fly genome anchored to polytene chromosomes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Hessian fly (<it>Mayetiola destructor</it>) is an important insect pest of wheat. It has tractable genetics, polytene chromosomes, and a small genome (158 Mb). Investigation of the Hessian fly presents excellent opportunities to study plant-insect interactions and the molecular mechanisms underlying genome imprinting and chromosome elimination. A physical map is needed to improve the ability to perform both positional cloning and comparative genomic analyses with the fully sequenced genomes of other dipteran species.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>An FPC-based genome wide physical map of the Hessian fly was constructed and anchored to the insect's polytene chromosomes. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones corresponding to 12-fold coverage of the Hessian fly genome were fingerprinted, using high information content fingerprinting (HIFC) methodology, and end-sequenced. Fluorescence <it>in situ </it>hybridization (FISH) co-localized two BAC clones from each of the 196 longest contigs on the polytene chromosomes. An additional 70 contigs were positioned using a single FISH probe. The 266 FISH mapped contigs were evenly distributed and covered 60% of the genome (95,668 kb). The ends of the fingerprinted BACs were then sequenced to develop the capacity to create sequenced tagged site (STS) markers on the BACs in the map. Only 3.64% of the BAC-end sequence was composed of transposable elements, helicases, ribosomal repeats, simple sequence repeats, and sequences of low complexity. A relatively large fraction (14.27%) of the BES was comprised of multi-copy gene sequences. Nearly 1% of the end sequence was composed of simple sequence repeats (SSRs).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This physical map provides the foundation for high-resolution genetic mapping, map-based cloning, and assembly of complete genome sequencing data. The results indicate that restriction fragment length heterogeneity in BAC libraries used to construct physical maps lower the length and the depth of the contigs, but is not an absolute barrier to the successful application of the technology. This map will serve as a genomic resource for accelerating gene discovery, genome sequencing, and the assembly of BAC sequences. The Hessian fly BAC-clone assembly, and the names and positions of the BAC clones used in the FISH experiments are publically available at <url>http://genome.purdue.edu/WebAGCoL/Hfly/WebFPC/</url>.</p

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

IMPACT OF FINANCIAL LITERACY ON FINANCIAL ATTITUDE AND FINANCIAL BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUAL IN INDIA

The purpose of the study is to assess the awareness of individual about financial concepts such as money management, financial products, stock markets, numeracy, risk – return trade off, insurance, personal finance, budgeting and investment etc. Also the study aims at finding out whether there is any significant relationship between financial literacy level of the individual regarding their financial attitude and financial behavior of individuals. The authors find low level of financial literacy among individuals though all of them are financially included. As much as 60.80 percent individuals had poor financial literacy and 15.4 percent had fair financial literacy. Even in terms of different dimensions of financial literacy such as interest, compounding, inflation, time value of money or basic financial principles, individuals largely had poor or fair financial literacy. Study also shows that positive financial behavior’s people shows their higher financial literacy and negative financial attitude’s people shows their lower level of financial literacy

Comparison of Transradial and Transfemoral Access for Coronary Bypass Graft Angiography

Introduction: Transradial access has been shown to be safe and effective in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and even being benefi cial in regards to vascular complications and perceived quality of life after the intervention. However, data is limited in patients having previously undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) where procedural complexity can be increased.Methods: Studies comparing transradial and transfemoral access for PCI in patients having undergone CABG were identifi ed. Data for similar endpoints was extracted for subsequent meta-analysis. Bias and heterogeneity were also assessed. Results: There was no significant difference in procedure success (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.73, p=0.68), procedure time (MD 231.98 seconds, 95% CI -84.39 to 548.36, p=0.15), fl uoroscopy time (MD 51.75 seconds, 95% CI -66.83 to 170.34, p=0.39), contrast volume (MD 1.67 milliliter, 95% CI -22.16 to 25.49, p = 0.89) and in-hospital mortality (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.92, p=0.31) between those in the transradial and transfemoral access groups. Transradial access was associated with fewer vascular complications (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.72, p=0.005). Conclusions: Transradial access for PCI in patients with prior CABG is safe, with fewer vascular complications, and offers an effective and potentially favorable alternative to transfemoral access.Condensed abstract: Transradial access has been demonstrated to offer benefi ts in comparison to transfemoral access for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This advantage has not been fully elucidated for PCI of coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG). A meta-analysis was conducted to study the two access options and found that transradial access for PCI of CABG grafts is safe and may in fact be associated with fewer vascular complications.</p