Avaliação da suscetibilidade de populações de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) do Distrito Federal à inseticidas e seu controle de qualidade químico

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, 2018.O controle químico é uma das principais estratégias para impedir a disseminação de arboviroses. Entretanto, o uso contínuo e indiscriminado dos inseticidas é responsável pela seleção de populações de Aedes aegypti resistentes, tornando o controle de vetores de doenças um desafio. Conhecer o perfil de resistência das populações de Aedes aegypti do Distrito Federal (DF) é imprescindível para conter a transmissão de doenças. Foi avaliada a suscetibilidade de 3 populações de mosquitos do DF aos inseticidas temefós, piriproxifeno, deltametrina e malationa. Ensaios com larvicidas, com a dose-resposta, e adulticidas, com a dose diagnóstica, demonstraram o perfil de resistência das populações de Aedes aegypti de Brazlândia, Guará e Sobradinho, localidades com histórico de alta incidência de dengue. Avaliou-se o efeito residual do Sumilarv® 0,5 G (piriproxifeno). Também foi realizado o estudo quantitativo por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMNq) dos princípios ativos dos inseticidas de formulação comercial usados no controle vetorial: Sumilarv® 0,5 G, Komvektor® 440 EW (malationa), Vectron® 10 SC (etofenproxi) e Ficam® VC (bendiocarbe). Todas as populações testadas apresentaram resistência moderada à alta para temefós: RR(razão de resistência)50 (Sobradinho) = 8,6; RR50 (Brazlândia) = 10,3; RR50 (Guará) = 12,0. Para o piriproxifeno, as populações apresentaram suscetibilidade: RR50 (Sobradinho) = 1,42; RR50 (Brazlândia) = 1,85; RR50 (Guará) = 2,21. Apenas a linhagem do Guará demonstrou resistência a malationa (mortalidade de 60,8% em 45 min.) e Brazlândia, suscetibilidade alterada a deltametrina (mortalidade de 91,7% em 24 h). A formulação comercial do piriproxifeno apresentou efeito residual sobre as larvas com eficácia de 100% de inibição da emergência até 30 dias após o tratamento. A avaliação do teor de princípio ativo revelou 31,5% de malationa acima do valor declarado pelo fabricante para Komvektor® 440 EW. Já o produto Vectron® 10 SC (etofenproxi) o teor obtido foi 12,0% menor que o valor declarado A utilização de malationa deve ser criteriosa para evitar o desenvolvimento ou agravamento do status de resistência das populações. As alterações nos teores de princípio ativo dos inseticidas podem contribuir para preparações equivocadas de emulsões e soluções de inseticidas com doses subletais ou supra letais. Desta forma, avaliações periódicas da qualidade dos inseticidas armazenados e cuidados com o seu preparo podem evitar falhas no controle do vetor. É imperativo que o monitoramento da resistência aos inseticidas seja uma atividade de vigilância entomológica permanente.Chemical control is one of the main strategies to avoid arboviruses dissemination. However, indiscriminate and continuous use of insecticides is responsible for the selection of resistant Aedes aegypti populations. These practices implicate challenges to control this vector of diseases. Awareness of the profile of resistant populations of Aedes aegypti at Distrito Federal (DF) is fundamental to contain the transmission of infections. In that context, this study assessed the susceptibility of 3 populations of mosquitos from DF to the insecticide temephos, pyriproxyfen, deltamethrin e malathion. Trials with larvicides using dose response and adulticides with diagnostic dose demonstrated the resistance profile of Aedes aegypti populations. Samples were collected from localities with a historical high incidence of dengue - Brazlândia, Guará and Sobradinho.The residual effect of Sumilarv® 0.5 G (pyriproxyfen) was evaluated. In addition, this study performed a quantitative analysis, using Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), of the active principles of commercial formulas of the insecticides used for vector control: Sumilarv® 0.5 G, Komvektor® 440 EW (malathion), Vectron® 10 SC (ethofenproxy) e Ficam® VC (bendiocarb). All populations tested presented moderate to high resistance to temephos: RR (resistance ratio)50 (Sobradinho) = 8.6; RR50 (Brazlândia) = 10,3; RR50 (Guará) = 12.0. For pyriproxyfen, susceptibility results were: RR50 (Sobradinho) = 1.42; RR50 (Brazlândia) = 1.85; RR50 (Guará) = 2.21. Only Guará`s sample presented resistance to malathion (mortality of de 60.8% within 45 min.) and Brazlândia, altered susceptibility to deltamethrin (mortality 91.7% within 24 h). The commercial formulation of pyriproxyfen showed 100% efficacy to inhibit emergence of adults until 30 days after treatment. Assessment of active principle constituent quantification at the insecticides revealed malathion was 31.5% above the valued declared by the manufacturer Komvektor® 440 EW. As for Vectron® 10 SC (ethofenproxy) products, the concentration obtained was 12.0% below the declared value. Use of malathion must be prudent in order to avoid the development or increase resistance status of Aedes aegypti populations. Differences of the constituent quantification of active principle presented by the manufactured and this study results may contribute to misleading preparations of emulsions and solutions of insecticides with under lethal or over lethal doses. Therefore, periodical evaluations of quality of insecticides and preparation caution may avoid fails of vector control. It is imperative to monitor insecticide resistance as a permanent entomological surveillance activity

COMPORTAMENTO HEMOLÍTICO DE BACTÉRIAS DO GÊNERO Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884 EM MEIO DE CULTURA PRODUZIDO COM SANGUE DE TARTARUGA DE ÁGUA DOCE Trachemys adiutrix Vanzolini, 1995.

Este trabalho apresenta dados sobre o comportamento hemolítico de bactérias do gênero Streptococcus, causadoras de Pneumonia e da Síndrome do Choque Tóxico, em meios de cultura fabricado com sangue de tartaruga de água doce Trachemys adiutrix. Esta tartaruga tem sido estudada por sua endemicidade no Estado do Maranhão, resistência a ambientes desérticos e por apresentar anomalias congênitas com causas ainda indeterminadas. Nossos resultados mostraram diferenças na coloração do meio fabricado com sangue de tartaruga em oposição ao meio normal no qual se utiliza sangue de carneiro. Diferenças também foram observadas quanto ao tempo de crescimento das colônias bacterianas. Quanto à atividade hemolítica, nenhuma diferença foi constatada sugerindo que as hemolisinas bacterianas atuam com a mesma intensidade no sangue de mamíferos e de tartarugas.   ABSTRACT Hemolytic behavior of Streptococcus bacterium in culture mean made with freshwater turtle blood Trachemys aidutrix Vanzolini, 1995 This work presents data about the hemolytic behavior of Streptococcus bacterium to cause diseases such as Pneumonia and Toxic Shock Syndrome, in culture mean made with freshwater turtle blood Trachemys adiutrix species. This turtle has been studied by its endemicity in Maranhão state, resistence to the desert environments and by presenting congenital anomalies with unknowed causes. Our results showed differences in coloration of the mean made with turtle blood to the contrary to the normal mean where to use sheep blood. Also, differences were observed as to the growth time bacterium colonies. For the hemolytic activity no difference was observed what suggest that the bacteriotoxins to act with the same intensity in mammal and turtle bloods

AGRONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FERTILIZERS BASED ON HUMUS, ROCK POWDER, AND MINERALS ON SOYBEAN YIELD IN PARAGUAY-PY

Soybean is the most commercially cultivated crop in Paraguay, and obtaining high yields requires the application of large amounts of fertilizers, raising the cost of production. Developing strategies for the efficient use of applied nutrients is necessary. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of combinations of mineral fertilizers with organic matter and rock powder in the development, nutrition, and yield of soybean. The experiment was carried out in Hernandarias, Paraguay, in the 2016-2017 harvest. The different fertilizers influenced the absorption of Zn, Mg and K, and grain yield. Among the treatments, the highlight was the agronomic efficiency index obtained by the replacement of 30% of mineral fertilizer by humus, presenting grain yield of 3219, 67 kg ha-1. However, it was equal to the mixing 30% of humus + rock powder with 70% of NPK formulation 04:40:10 with grain yield of 3206.50 kg ha-1, and the mixing 20% of humus + rock powder with 80% of NPK formulation 04:40:10 with grain yield of 3165.17 kg ha-1. Thus, it is recommended to use rock powder and humus in soybean production in Paraguay, especially in Latossolos (Oxisols) that have little organic matter and low CTC

Ecological aspects of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the gallery forest of Brasilia National Park, Brazil, with an emphasis on potential vectors of yellow fever

Introduction: We analyzed the vertical and monthly distributions of culicid species in the gallery forest of Brasília National Park, with an emphasis on the potential vectors of yellow fever (YF). Methods: Between September 2010 and August 2011, mosquitoes were captured on the ground and in the canopy of the forest for five consecutive days per month, from nine to 15 hours. The mosquitoes were examined to verify natural infection with flaviviruses by isolation in Aedes albopictus Skuse, 1864 cells followed by indirect immunofluorescence. Results: We identified 2,677 culicids distributed in 29 species. Most of the mosquitoes were captured at ground level (69%) during the rainy season (86%). The most abundant species were Sabethes (Sabethes) albiprivus Theobald, 1903; Limatus durhamii Theobald, 1901; Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus Dyar & Shannon, 1924; Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar, 1921; Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis Rondani, 1848; Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox Von Humboldt, 1819; and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) serratus Theobald, 1901. Limatus durhamii, Limatus durhamii, Psorophora ferox, Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus showed significant differences (p<0.05) in their habitat use. Limatus durhamii was found more often in the canopy, unlike the other species. During the rainy season, the most abundant species were Sa. albiprivus, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Limatus durhamii. During the dry season, the potential YF vectors exhibited a very low frequency and abundance, except Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus. No flavivirus was detected in the 2,677 examined mosquitoes. Conclusions: We recommend continued and systematic entomological monitoring in areas vulnerable to the transmission of YF in the Federal District of Brazil

BRSMG Realce: Common bean cultivar with striped grains for the state of Minas Gerais

The common bean cultivar “BRSMG Realce”, recommended for the state of Minas Gerais, has high yield potential and resistance to powdery mildew, bacterial wilt and to anthracnose pathotypes 65, 73, 77, 81, 91, 475 and 479. The plants and pods are high, resulting in lower loss during mechanical harves

BRS Ártico - Common bean cultivar with export-standard white grain

BRS Ártico is a common bean cultivar with white grains with international standard size (62 g per 100 seeds), appropriate for cultivation in the Central region of Brazil and the state of Paraná. The cycle is semi-early, the yield potential 2677 kg ha-1 and BRS Ártico has moderate resistance to rust and curtobacterium wilt

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research