Historia del maíz desde tiempos ancestrales hasta la actualidad

Corn is a plant that has been cultivated by humans for thousands of years in America. Currently, it is one of the most important crops in the world, since it is used for both human and animal food. In the Montalvo region, Los Ríos province, Ecuador, the cultivation of maize has been an important economic activity for decades. Local farmers have used traditional farming techniques, such as no-tillage and crop rotation, to produce high-quality maize. In recent decades, with the incorporation of new agricultural technologies, corn production in the region has improved. Farmers have adopted modern cultivation practices, such as the use of improved seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, which have increased production and improved the quality of maize. In addition, the implementation of irrigation systems has allowed the production of corn throughout the year, which has increased the profitability of the crop. Harvesting and storage of corn has also been improved, which has reduced post-harvest losses. At present, maize continues to be an important crop in the Montalvo region and the Los Ríos province in general. Farmers continue to adopt new technologies to improve the production and quality of corn, which allows them to compete in the national and international markets.El maíz es una planta que ha sido cultivada por los seres humanos durante miles de años en América. En la actualidad, es uno de los cultivos más importantes del mundo, ya que se utiliza tanto para la alimentación humana como para el animal. En la región de Montalvo, provincia de Los Ríos, Ecuador, el cultivo del maíz ha sido una actividad económica importante desde hace décadas. Los agricultores locales han utilizado técnicas tradicionales de cultivo, como la siembra directa y la rotación de cultivos, para producir maíz de alta calidad. En las últimas décadas, con la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías agrícolas, se ha mejorado la producción de maíz en la región. Los agricultores han adoptado prácticas modernas de cultivo, como el uso de semillas mejoradas, fertilizantes y pesticidas, lo que ha permitido aumentar la producción y mejorar la calidad del maíz. Además, la implementación de sistemas de riego ha permitido la producción de maíz durante todo el año, lo que ha aumentado la rentabilidad del cultivo. También se ha mejorado la recolección y almacenamiento del maíz, lo que ha reducido las pérdidas postcosecha. En la actualidad, el maíz sigue siendo un cultivo importante en la región de Montalvo y la provincia de Los Ríos en general. Los agricultores continúan adoptando nuevas tecnologías para mejorar la producción y la calidad del maíz, lo que les permite competir en el mercado nacional e internacional.&nbsp

Discusión de la noción de comuna: recorrido teórico-documental

La presente investigación recorre el origen y el uso de la noción de comuna en las ciencias sociales. El objetivo de la misma es analizar las distintas perspectivas de la comuna desde una mirada teórica documental. Se parte del estudio de la primera aparición del término haciendo referencia a las organizaciones de la Italia medieval, recorriendo la experiencia de la Comuna de París, las experiencias de la revolución China y las más recientes expresiones y usos en Venezuela. La presente investigación es de tipo teórico documental. Las reflexiones sobre el término arrojan que existen dos grandes nociones de esta categoría, por un lado, referencia una forma local de organización político-administrativa del territorio, por otro, da lugar a formas de resistencia anti-feudal, en su momento, y anti-capitalistas en la actualidad.This research covers the origin and use of the notion of commune in the social sciences. Its objective is to analyze the different perspectives of the commune from a documentary theoretical perspective. It starts from the study of the first appearance of the term referring to the organizations of medieval Italy, going through the experience of the Paris Commune, the experiences of the Chinese revolution and the most recent expressions and uses in Venezuela. The present investigation is of a theoretical documentary type. The reflections on the term show that there are two great notions of this category, on the one hand, it refers to a local form of political-administrative organization of the territory, on the other, it gives rise to forms of anti-feudal resistance, at the time, and anti -capitalists today.Campus Lima Nort

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics