La Recreación de la Identidad Étnica en la Protesta Mapuche: Un Punto de Partida Para el Uso de la Teoría de Sistemas Sociales en la Política de la Identidad

Una crítica desde la teoría de sistemas a las reivindicaciones culturales del pueblo mapuche que se basa en la crítica de la política de la identidad cultural, falla en ver la función social de las identidades culturales colectivas. Un enfoque de teoría de sistemas, como el propuesto por Stäheli y Bora,  que no deje de lado la función de la cultura como memoria de la sociedad y de las semánticas como generalizaciones de sentido que sirven programarla, incluyendo la etnicidad, y que además supere la relación de jerarquía entre estructura social y semántica, respalda el poder creativo de las construcciones simbólicas para las operaciones de los sistemas sociales, así como su codeterminación recíproca. A modo de ilustración se estudian los desplazamientos que están ocurriendo mediante una serie de posicionamientos sociales de la política de identidad mapuche. El movimiento de protesta mapuche en cinco posicionamientos sociales conecta la interpretación que realiza mediante autodescripciones de sí mismo con una serie de problemas de la estructuras sociales derivados de programaciones del sistema político orientadas por el Neoliberalismo y otras consecuencias de la forma concreta de la diferenciación funcional en el Cono Sur. El ejemplo del artículo determina la posibilidad  de reformular el concepto de cultura desde las teorías de sistemas sin perder con ello el objeto de la observación

Guarda de la Naturaleza: Conocimientos Ecológicos Tradicionales de los Pueblos Indígenas y Estrategias de Protección

Este artículo busca comprender el rol de guardadores de la naturaleza que han asumido y demandan los pueblos indígenas. Este rol deriva de las concepciones de los conocimientos ecológicos tradicionales que han desarrollado y mantenido colectivamente esos pueblos y que señalan los deberes de cuidado de una gestión responsable de los ecosistemas, la interconectividad, reciprocidad y relaciones de equilbrio enre todos los seres naturales, incluyendo a los humanos. Precisamente el equilibrio es una noción capital que está a la base de concepciones como el Ixofil Mongen del Pueblo Mapuche en Sudamérica y la Kaitiakitanga del Pueblo Māori en Oceanía. Las estrategias de las últimas décadas que quieren brindar una protección legal estatal e internacional a las concepciones ecológicas de los pueblos indígenas, en el reconocimiento, por una parte de derechos grupales de índole biocultural y, por al otra, de derechos de la naturaleza, confluyen en asegurar y proteger el rol de guarda de la naturaleza para los pueblos indígenas. Esta condición de guardadores ha sobrevivido al colonialismo y sus legados y ofrece alternativas para mejorar las formas de conservación de la naturaleza que estamos formulando e implementando en la actualidad

Recursos genéticos e povos indígenas: a tese da propriedade cultural indígena frente ao domínio público

The article analyzes the position of indigenous peoples and their ethical-political foundations regarding due protection of genetic resources linked to traditional knowledge. This position has claimed cultural property of a collective nature with respect to these resources, differing explicitly from the solution that understands that these should fall into the public domain. For this purpose, a conception of property with other determination factors, compared to Western property, is outlined. The position of indigenous peoples has been widely and consistently sustained for decades and has come to be included in the international human rights regime, through the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; but, in the negotiations at WIPO, it has not managed to break past its critics and the interests of companies and states.El artículo analiza la posición de los pueblos indígenas y sus fundamentos ético-políticos respecto de la protección debida a los recursos genéticos vinculados a los conocimientos tradicionales. Dicha posición ha reivindicado la propiedad cultural de índole colectiva respecto de dichos recursos, diferenciándose explícitamente de la solución que entiende que estos deberían caer en el dominio público. Para ello, se esboza una concepción de propiedad que tiene otras determinaciones respecto de la propiedad occidental. La postura de los pueblos indígenas ha sido sostenida de manera amplia y consistente durante décadas, y ha llegado a plasmarse en el régimen internacional de derechos humanos a través de la Declaración de Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas de la ONU; pero, en las negociaciones en la OMPI, no ha logrado abrirse paso frente a sus críticos y a los intereses de las empresas y los Estados.O artigo analisa a posição dos povos indígenas e seus fundamentos ético-políticos a respeito da proteção devida aos recursos genéticos vinculados aos conhecimentos tradicionais. Dita posição reivindicou a propriedade cultural de índole coletiva a respeito de tais recursos, diferenciando-se explicitamente da solução que entende que deveriam cair em domínio público. Para isso, se esboça uma concepção de propriedade que tem outras determinações a respeito da propriedade ocidental. A postura dos povos indígenas tem sido mantida de maneira ampla e consistente durante décadas e chegou a se refletir no regime internacional de direitos humanos através da Declaração de Direitos dos Povos Indígenas da ONU; porém nas negociações na OMPI não conseguiu se impor diante de seus críticos e aos interesses das empresas e dos Estados

Is the reduced growth of the halophyte Suaeda maritima under hypoxia due to toxicity of iron or manganese?

For most plants, submergence in water is a rare occurrence, but for plants that grow on salt marshes flooding with seawater may be a twice-daily event. This is the case for plants of the halophyte Suaeda maritima, growing at low elevations on salt marshes. These plants are, however, smaller than those growing at higher elevations, where flooding is less frequent and the soil is better drained. We investigated whether the reduced growth brought about by flooding with saline water was a consequence of toxicity of manganese or iron. Seedlings of S. maritima were grown both in a sold medium (a mixture of salt-marsh mud and sand) that was either submerged twice a day or continuously flooded with half-strength seawater and in a hydroponic solution where the oxygen concentration was adjusted by bubbling with nitrogen or air. Hypoxia, reduced the growth of plants in both solid and liquid media and resuted in increases in manganese and iron in the shoots and roots. Experiments in culture solution showed that elevated levels of manganese were unlikely to be toxic, but that iron did reach toxic concentrations in flooded plants

Strategies in a metallophyte species to cope with manganese excess

The effect of exposure to high Mn concentration was studied in a metallophyte species, Erica andevalensis, using hydroponic cultures with a range of Mn concentrations (0.06, 100, 300, 500, and 700 mg L-1). At harvest, biomass production, element uptake, and biochemical indicators of metal stress (leaf pigments, organic acids, amino acids, phenols, and activities of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) were determined in leaves and roots. Increasing Mn concentrations led to a decrease in biomass accumulation, and tip leaves chlorosis was the only toxicity symptom detected. In a similar way, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids) were affected by high Mn levels. Among organic acids, malate and oxalate contents in roots showed a significant increase at the highest Mn concentration, while in leaves, Mn led to an increasing trend in citrate and malate contents. An increase of Mn also induced an increase in superoxide dismutase activity in roots and catalase activity in leaves. As well, significant changes in free amino acids were induced by Mn concentrations higher than 300 mg L-1, especially in roots. No significant changes in phenolic compounds were observed in the leaves, but root phenolics were significantly increased by increasing Mn concentrations in treatments. When Fe supply was increased 10 and 20 times (7–14 mg Fe L-1 as Fe-EDDHA) in the nutrient solutions at the highest Mn concentration (700 mg Mn L-1), it led to significant increases in photosynthetic pigments and biomass accumulation. Manganese was mostly accumulated in the roots, and the species was essentially a Mn excluder. However, considering the high leaf Mn concentration recorded without toxicity symptoms, E. andevalensis might be rated as a Mn-tolerant speciesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Inoculation of Sinorhizobium saheli YH1 Leads to Reduced Metal Uptake for Leucaena leucocephala Grown in Mine Tailings and Metal-Polluted Soils

Metalliferous mine tailings have a negative impact on the soil environment near mining areas and render cultivable lands infertile. Phytoremediation involving the synergism of legume and rhizobia provides a useful technique in tackling this issue with cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and easy-to-use features under adverse soil conditions. Leucaena leucocephala has been found to build symbiotic relationships with native rhizobia in the iron-vanadium-titanium oxide (V-Ti magnetite) mine tailing soil. Rhizobia YH1, isolated from the root nodules of L. leucocephala, was classified as Sinorhizobium saheli according to similarity and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA, housekeeping and nitrogen fixation genes. Besides nitrogen fixation, S. saheli YH1 also showed capabilities to produce indole-acetic acid (IAA) (166.77 ± 2.03 mg l−1) and solubilize phosphate (104.41 ± 7.48 mg l−1). Pot culture experiments showed that strain YH1 increased the biomass, plant height and root length of L. leucocephala by 67.2, 39.5 and 27.2% respectively. There was also an average increase in plant N (10.0%), P (112.2%) and K (25.0%) contents compared to inoculation-free control. The inoculation of YH1 not only reduced the uptake of all metals by L. leucocephala in the mine tailings, but also resulted in decreased uptake of Cd by up to 79.9% and Mn by up to 67.6% for plants grown in soils contaminated with Cd/Mn. It was concluded that S. saheli YH1 possessed multiple beneficial effects on L. leucocephala grown in metalliferous soils. Our findings highlight the role of S. saheli YH1 in improving plant health of L. leucocephala by reducing metal uptake by plants grown in heavy metal-polluted soils. We also suggest the idea of using L. leucocephala-S. saheli association for phytoremediation and revegetation of V-Ti mine tailings and soils polluted with Cd or Mn

Differential responses of grasses and forbs led to marked reduction in below-ground productivity in temperate steppe following chronic N deposition

Enhanced deposition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) has profound impacts on ecosystem processes such as above-ground productivity and community structure in grasslands across the globe. But how N deposition affects below-ground processes of grasslands is less well known. Here, we evaluated the effects of chronic N amendment at a relatively low rate (20 kg ha-1 year-1) on root traits (root productivity, root biomass, root/shoot ratio) in Inner Mongolia steppes by rhizotron and ingrowth core and soil monolith techniques at levels of individual species, functional groups and ecosystem. For 8 years, N amendment suppressed above-ground net primary production (ANPP), photosynthetic rates and root biomass of forbs, but enhanced ANPP and root biomass of grasses. This led to an overall reduction in below-ground productivity of the grassland by 24-33%, while ANPP remained unchanged. Nitrogen amendment acidified soil and subsequently increased extractable soil manganese (Mn) concentration. Nitrogen amendment increased foliar Mn concentrations in forb, but not grass species, leading to a significant inhibition of photosynthetic rates in forb species. Synthesis. These findings highlight the importance of the differentiating responses of plant functional groups to long-term N deposition and the important consequences of these responses for below-ground productivity and long-term soil C sequestration