Les Pomaques de Thrace grecque et leurs choix langagiers

Par une approche anthropologique dynamique, on peut tenter d’approcher la population pomaque de Grèce, quelques 40 000 personnes au plus, de langue maternelle slave et de religion musulmane, et la façon dont se groupe devait et voulait se situer dans son contexte social et culturel et au-delà économique et politique, dans les années 1990. La présente étude se concentre sur les choix langagiers de ce groupe dans la vie quotidienne alors que les propagandes nationalistes désirent toutes s’approprier le groupe et que son existence institutionnelle est bornée par le traité de Lausanne de 1923 qui de facto tend à le turciser, en la passant simplement sous silence. La ségrégation spatiale subie au moyen d’une ligne de démarcation militaire interne à la Thrace grecque, démantelée dans les années 1990, a eu pour effet la marginalisation de la région pomaque dans une ruralité sans perspective et encourager la migration vers les villes. A Xanthi et Komotini, les nouveaux citadins se sont agrégés à la population turque majoritaire et ont tous choisi de se « dépomaquiser » en particulier au niveau de la langue. Les écoles minoritaires, de facto turques dans leur programme « musulman », accentuent ce mouvement offrant la possibilité d’une éducation plus poussée en cadre non chrétien. Gagnant la ville, les Pomaques ne peuvent créer de groupe pomaque citadin et s’insèrent dans la dichotomie Grecs / Turcs de Thrace grecque en « se faisant Turcs ».Through a dynamic anthropological approach, one can attempt to understand the situation of the Pomak population in Greece, that is 40, 000 (at most) people of Slavic mother tongue and Muslim religion, and the way this group wanted and had to place themselves in the social and cultural but also economic and political context, in the 1990’s. This survey concentrates on the Pomaks’ linguistic choices in their daily life while nationalist propagandas attend to appropriate the group and while the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) tends to make them Turks, by simply silencing their existence. Space segregation had to be endured because of a military demarcation line within Greek Thrace that was abolished as late as 1995 and marginalized the Pomak region, immobilized in its rural way of life, and thus encouraged migration towards cities. In Xanthi and Komotini, the new city-dwellers joined the majority Turkish population and all chose to abandon “Pomakness”, especially as far as language was concerned. The minority schools, de facto Turkish schools in their “Muslim” curriculum, sharpened the phenomenon by offering perspectives of higher education in non Christian structures. Reaching the city, the Pomaks could not create an urban Pomak group and integrated into the dichotomy Greeks / Turks of Greek Thrace by becoming Turks

Les Pomaques de Thrace grecque et leurs choix langagiers

Par une approche anthropologique dynamique, on peut tenter d’approcher la population pomaque de Grèce, quelques 40 000 personnes au plus, de langue maternelle slave et de religion musulmane, et la façon dont se groupe devait et voulait se situer dans son contexte social et culturel et au-delà économique et politique, dans les années 1990. La présente étude se concentre sur les choix langagiers de ce groupe dans la vie quotidienne alors que les propagandes nationalistes désirent toutes s’approprier le groupe et que son existence institutionnelle est bornée par le traité de Lausanne de 1923 qui de facto tend à le turciser, en la passant simplement sous silence. La ségrégation spatiale subie au moyen d’une ligne de démarcation militaire interne à la Thrace grecque, démantelée dans les années 1990, a eu pour effet la marginalisation de la région pomaque dans une ruralité sans perspective et encourager la migration vers les villes. A Xanthi et Komotini, les nouveaux citadins se sont agrégés à la population turque majoritaire et ont tous choisi de se « dépomaquiser » en particulier au niveau de la langue. Les écoles minoritaires, de facto turques dans leur programme « musulman », accentuent ce mouvement offrant la possibilité d’une éducation plus poussée en cadre non chrétien. Gagnant la ville, les Pomaques ne peuvent créer de groupe pomaque citadin et s’insèrent dans la dichotomie Grecs / Turcs de Thrace grecque en « se faisant Turcs ».Through a dynamic anthropological approach, one can attempt to understand the situation of the Pomak population in Greece, that is 40, 000 (at most) people of Slavic mother tongue and Muslim religion, and the way this group wanted and had to place themselves in the social and cultural but also economic and political context, in the 1990’s. This survey concentrates on the Pomaks’ linguistic choices in their daily life while nationalist propagandas attend to appropriate the group and while the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) tends to make them Turks, by simply silencing their existence. Space segregation had to be endured because of a military demarcation line within Greek Thrace that was abolished as late as 1995 and marginalized the Pomak region, immobilized in its rural way of life, and thus encouraged migration towards cities. In Xanthi and Komotini, the new city-dwellers joined the majority Turkish population and all chose to abandon “Pomakness”, especially as far as language was concerned. The minority schools, de facto Turkish schools in their “Muslim” curriculum, sharpened the phenomenon by offering perspectives of higher education in non Christian structures. Reaching the city, the Pomaks could not create an urban Pomak group and integrated into the dichotomy Greeks / Turks of Greek Thrace by becoming Turks

Intensive Care Management of The Critically Ill Elderly Population: The Case of ‘Sotiria’ Regional Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens, Greece

The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics and short-term outcome of elderly patients admitted to the ICU of ‘Sotiria’ Regional Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens. We examined retrospectively the records of 344 patients aged ≥70 years old admitted to the ICU of a tertiary hospital during a five-year period, from 2009-2013. We reported demographic and clinical data, length of ICU stay, need for mechanical ventilation and ICU mortality. Among 1730 admitted to the ICU during this period, the elderly comprised 344 (19.8%). The main causes of ICU admission were Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbation (n=169), postoperative respiratory failure (n=78), acute respiratory failure of various etiologies (n=76) and cardiogenic pulmonary edema (n=25). Overall mortality rate of elderly patients was 41.5%. According to age groups, 200 patients were 70-74 years old with a mortality rate of 47%, 42 patients were 80-84 years old presenting a mortality rate of 28.5%, while 14 patients aged over 85 years old, presented a mortality of 42.8%. The mean length of ICU stay (LOS) for the elderly patients was 11.2 days, while the corresponding LOS value for younger patients was 8.1 days. Elderly patients present highest mortality than younger population. However, mortality does not correlate exclusively with advancing age over 70 years, but mostly with the underlying disease. Therefore, age should not be the sole determinant of ICU admission

An Exceptional Case of Intraparotid Plexiform Neurofibroma Originating from Autonomic Fibers of the Auriculotemporal Nerve

Plexiform neurofibromas are benign tumors that tend to occur in patients suffering from neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). This report addresses a rare case where the tumor affected the parotid gland, deriving almost exclusively from the peripheral portion of the facial nerve. A 6-year-old male was referred to us complaining about a gradually enlarging swelling over the right parotid area. Imaging localized the lesion to the superficial lobe of the parotid gland, suggesting a neurofibroma. Cosmetic disfigurement and a functional deficit led us to perform complete surgical resection. Meticulous surgical dissection as well as auriculotemporal nerve origin made complete extirpation possible with almost zero morbidity and ensured alleviation of both aesthetic impairment and pain. This is the first case of an intraparotid PN in a pediatric NF-1 patient, which originated from branches of the auriculotemporal nerve and particularly from fibers of the autonomic nervous system. Radical surgical excision was decided according to established decision-making algorithms

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe