Documentos electrónicos y textos de las cámaras legislativas

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La lengua española e Internet

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Lenguas y cultura, acuerdos y conflictos.

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Sangre y tinta desde Ivain hasta La venganza de don Mendo

Hace treinta y cinco años que el autor y el homenajeado tienen pendiente una síntesis del tema de “la sangre acusadora”. En este homenaje se renuevan y amplían los argumentos ya usados, a los que se añaden otros, aumentando el corpus textual ahora mejor conocido. El discurso sigue la historia de la literatura española en sus registros culto y folclórico, incluidos los necesarios pasadizos hacia la literatura comparada. Termina, de momento, con una sección desde el humor, para animar al lector, porque la historia continúa. Thirty five years ago, the author and J. B. de Avalle-Arce started a written discussion on the Bahrprobe: “Corpse bleeds when murderer touches it”. The moment has arrived to use it as a token of friendship and appreciation. Alternating old and new arguments, well known texts and less known samples, the subject proceeds along a revision of the motif in Spanish Literature and Folklore, including different registers, and an exercise of Comparative Literature as well. A humorous reflection conveys a smile to the reader of this Festschrift. To be continued

De lenguas y fronteras: el espanglish y el portuñol

El desarrollo de la Sociedad de la Información hace posible que los conceptos tradicionales de la Lingüística se recubran de nuevos contenidos y que hechos históricamente bien conocidos adquieran nuevas dimensiones, con su carga incógnita, al mismo tiempo que se introducen factores nuevos que pueden adquirir un peso superior a los analizados habitualmente. El español ha desarrollado, a lo largo del pasado siglo, un proceso de consolidación realmente espectacular, apoyado en una serie de características que sería oportuno revisar y que van mucho más lejos de la importancia meramente demográfica. Es innegable que un número de hablantes en torno a los cuatrocientos millones supone cumplir una condición demográfica imprescindible para la consolidación como lengua internacional; pero la demografía es un requisito mínimo. La serie de lenguas que superan de lejos los cien o los doscientos millones de hablantes es tan larga que sólo los especialistas están en condiciones de enumerarla

El arte rupestre del suroeste de Tejas como fuente para el estudio de contactos lingüísticos

Resumen: Este estudio se orienta a un caso concreto: el proceso de introducción de la lengua española castellana en el Oeste de Tejas. Se añade una fuente externa específica, que estudiaba la arqueología; pero no había recibido consideración lingüística directa: el arte rupestre. Constituye éste una aportación semiológica muy interesante, dada la excepcional calidad del arte rupestre del suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Además de lo que aportan a otras ciencias, las pinturas rupestres admiten una interpretación etnolingüística y ayudan a deshacer la madeja de la compleja relación que se establece entre las lenguas indoamericanas y las lenguas indoeuropeas, tras la llegada de los conquistadores y pobladores sucesivos. Tras los planteamientos conceptuales, metodológicos y generales, el estudio concluye con dos análisis de ejemplos concretos de figuras “humanas” en pinturas rupestres históricas del suroeste de Tejas: Rattlesnake Canyon y Vaquero Alcove.Palabras clave: Arte rupestre, español, lenguas indoamericanas, Lingüística externa, Tejas Abstract: This contribution is oriented towards the process of introduction of Spanish in the Texas Southwest. It includes an explicit external source, previously studied by Archeology, without previous linguistic analysis though: Rock-Art. The extreme importance of Southwest Rock-Art adds a very interesting semiological construction. Rock-Art paintings are crucial for other sciences. Furthermore, they admit an ethno linguistic interpretation and help untie the knot which links Amerindian and Indo-European languages after the arrival of the conquistadores and the subsequent population. Following the general, conceptual and methodological foundations, the study concludes with the analysis of two concrete examples of human figures in two Texas Southwest Historic Rock-Art sites: Rattlesnake Canyon and Vaquero Alcove.Keywords: Amerindian languages, External Linguistics, Rock Art, Spanish, Texas

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

A Novel Circulating MicroRNA for the Detection of Acute Myocarditis.

The diagnosis of acute myocarditis typically requires either endomyocardial biopsy (which is invasive) or cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (which is not universally available). Additional approaches to diagnosis are desirable. We sought to identify a novel microRNA for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. To identify a microRNA specific for myocarditis, we performed microRNA microarray analyses and quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) assays in sorted CD4+ T cells and type 17 helper T (Th17) cells after inducing experimental autoimmune myocarditis or myocardial infarction in mice. We also performed qPCR in samples from coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis in mice. We then identified the human homologue for this microRNA and compared its expression in plasma obtained from patients with acute myocarditis with the expression in various controls. We confirmed that Th17 cells, which are characterized by the production of interleukin-17, are a characteristic feature of myocardial injury in the acute phase of myocarditis. The microRNA mmu-miR-721 was synthesized by Th17 cells and was present in the plasma of mice with acute autoimmune or viral myocarditis but not in those with acute myocardial infarction. The human homologue, designated hsa-miR-Chr8:96, was identified in four independent cohorts of patients with myocarditis. The area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve for this novel microRNA for distinguishing patients with acute myocarditis from those with myocardial infarction was 0.927 (95% confidence interval, 0.879 to 0.975). The microRNA retained its diagnostic value in models after adjustment for age, sex, ejection fraction, and serum troponin level. After identifying a novel microRNA in mice and humans with myocarditis, we found that the human homologue (hsa-miR-Chr8:96) could be used to distinguish patients with myocarditis from those with myocardial infarction. (Funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and others.).Supported by a grant (PI19/00545, to Dr. Martín) from the Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Carlos III Institute of Health–Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria; by a grant from the Biomedical Research Networking Center on Cardiovascular Diseases (to Drs. Martín, Sánchez-Madrid, and Ibáñez); by grants (S2017/BMD-3671-INFLAMUNE-CM, to Drs. Martín and Sánchez-Madrid; and S2017/BMD-3867-RENIM-CM, to Dr. Ibáñez) from Comunidad de Madrid; by a grant (20152330 31, to Drs. Martín, Sánchez-Madrid, and Alfonso) from Fundació La Marató de TV3; by grants (ERC-2011-AdG 294340-GENTRIS, to Dr. Sánchez-Madrid; and ERC-2018-CoG 819775-MATRIX, to Dr. Ibáñez) from the European Research Council; by grants (SAF2017-82886R, to Dr. Sánchez-Madrid; RETOS2019-107332RB-I00, to Dr. Ibáñez; and SAF2017-90604-REDT-NurCaMeIn and RTI2018-095928-BI00, to Dr. Ricote) from the Ministry of Science and Innovation; by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); and by a 2016 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators from the BBVA Foundation to Dr. Martín. The National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC) is supported by the Carlos III Institute of Health, the Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Pro CNIC Foundation, and by a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence grant (SEV-2015-0505). Mr. Blanco-Domínguez is supported by a grant (FPU16/02780) from the Formación de Profesorado Universitario program of the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports. Ms. Linillos-Pradillo is supported by a fellowship (PEJD-2016/BMD-2789) from Fondo de Garantía de Empleo Juvenil de Comunidad de Madrid. Dr. Relaño is supported by a grant (BES-2015-072625) from Contratos Predoctorales Severo Ochoa para la Formación de Doctores of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Dr. Alonso-Herranz is supported by a fellowship from La Caixa–CNIC. Dr. Caforio is supported by Budget Integrato per la Ricerca dei Dipartimenti BIRD-2019 from Università di Padova. Dr. Das is supported by grants (UG3 TR002878 and R35 HL150807) from the National Institutes of Health and the American Heart Association through its Strategically Focused Research Networks.S