Intermodal entanglement in Raman processes

The operator solution of a completely quantum mechanical Hamiltonian of the Raman processes is used here to investigate the possibility of obtaining intermodal entanglement between different modes involved in the Raman processes (e.g. pump mode, Stokes mode, vibration (phonon) mode and anti-Stokes mode). Intermodal entanglement is reported between a) pump mode and anti-Stokes mode, b) pump mode and vibration (phonon) mode c) Stokes mode and vibration phonon mode, d) Stokes mode and anti-stokes mode in the stimulated Raman processes for the variation of the phase angle of complex eigenvalue $\alpha_{1}$ of pump mode $a$. Some incidents of intermodal entanglement in the spontaneous and the partially spontaneous Raman processes are also reported. Further it is shown that the specific choice of coupling constants may produce genuine entanglement among Stokes mode, anti-Stokes mode and vibration-phonon mode. It is also shown that the two mode entanglement not identified by Duan's criterion may be identified by Hillery-Zubairy criteria. It is further shown that intermodal entanglement, intermodal antibunching and intermodal squeezing are independent phenomena.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Squeezing, mixed mode squeezing, amplitude squared squeezing and principal squeezing in a non-degenerate parametric oscillator

The Hamiltonian and hence the equation of motion of the field operators of a nondegenerate parametric oscillator (NDPO) under the influence of classical pump are formulated. The coupled operator differential equations involving the signal and idler modes are decoupled at the expense of fourth order differential equations involving the c-numbers. Without using the rotating wave approximation, the analytical solutions of the field operators are obtained. These solutions are approximated up to the second orders in dimensionless coupling constant. We investigate the squeezing, mixed mode squeezing, amplitude-squared squeezing, and the principal squeezing of the thermal and coherent light coupled to the NDPO. By using the input composite number state, we establish that the percentage and the range (interaction time) of squeezing is considerably increased with the increase of the signal photon number. For initial composite number state, the amplitude squared squeezing for Ys quadrature is obtained at the cost of canonically conjugate Zs quadrature. The percentage of amplitude squared squeezing increases significantly with the increase of signal excitation (photon). The so-called normal squeezing and the principal squeezing are also indicated for the NDPO coupled with the initially prepared composite coherent states not in the composite number states. In spite of the shortcomings of the analytical solutions, we obtain squeezing, amplitude squared squeezing and other nonclassical effects which are unavailable under the rotating wave approximation. In order to give the feelings about the analytical results (expressions), we give some symbolic calculations relevant to the possible experimental situations

Quantum phase fluctuations of coherent and thermal light coupled to a non-degenerate parametric oscillator beyond rotating wave approximation

The essence of the rotating wave approximation (RWA) is to eliminate the non-conserving energy terms from the interaction Hamiltonian. The cost of using RWA is heavy if the frequency of the input radiation field is low (e.g. below optical region). The well known Bloch-Siegert effect is the out come of the inclusion of the terms which are normally neglected under RWA. We investigate the fluctuations of the quantum phase of the coherent light and the thermal light coupled to a nondegenerate parametric oscillator (NDPO). The Hamiltonian and hence the equations of motion involving the signal and idler modes are framed by using the strong (classical) pump condition. These differential equations are nonlinear in nature and are found coupled to each other. Without using the RWA, we obtain the analytical solutions for the signal and idler fields. These solutions are obtained up to the second orders in dimensionless coupling constants. The analytical expressions for the quantum phase fluctuation parameters due to Carruther's and Nieto are obtained in terms of the coupling constants and the initial photon numbers of the input radiation field. Moreover, we keep ourselves confined to the Pegg-Barnett formalism for measured phase operators. With and without using the RWA, we compare the quantum phase fluctuations for coherent and thermal light coupled to the NDPO. In spite of the significant departures (quantitative), the qualitative features of the phase fluctuation parameters for the input thermal light are identical for NDPO with and without RWA. On the other hand, we report some interesting results of input coherent light coupled to the NDPO which are substantially different from their RWA counterpart. In spite of the various quantum optical phenomena in a NDPO, we claim that it is the first effort where the complete analytical approach towards the solutions and hence the quantum phase fluctuations of input radiation fields coupled to it are obtained beyond rotating wave approximation. To have the feelings of the analytical solutions, we give few numerical estimates of the quantum phase fluctuation parameters relevant to a real experimental situation

The ultrasonic changes in maturing placenta in pregnancy complicated with hypertension and its correlation with neonatal outcome

Background: Hypertension is the most common medical problem encountered during pregnancy, complicating 2-3% of pregnancies. Obstetric ultrasound provides a cornerstone to other modalities used for assessing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This study was designed to detect the placental changes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and correlation with neonatal outcome.Methods: The study group comprised of 42 patients with pregnancy complicated with hypertension with period of gestation above 20 weeks and B.P. more than 140/90 mm of Hg measured on two occasions 6 hours or more apart. The control group consists of 42 normotensive patients matched with age and parity. One ultrasonic examination were performed between 28 weeks and 34 weeks and another after 34 weeks till term. Apart from routine parameters i.e. BPD, AC, FL, Amniotic fluid index, EBW and gestational age routine placental grading were performed according to the classification proposed by Grannum and associates. To evaluate perinatal outcome following measurement were studied – birth weight immediately after delivery, mode of delivery, perinatal morbidity and mortality , APGAR  score , presence of fetal distress.Results: In 97.62%  cases (41 out of 42 ) of control group showed Grade–II changes as opposed to 57.14% of cases (24 out of 42) in study group before 34 weeks.Conclusions: Accelerated maturation of placenta in pregnancy complicated with hypertension are more common in the hypertensive group

Broad targeting of resistance to apoptosis in cancer

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is natural way of removing aged cells from the body. Most of the anti-cancer therapies trigger apoptosis induction and related cell death networks to eliminate malignant cells. However, in cancer, de-regulated apoptotic signaling, particularly the activation of an anti-apoptotic systems, allows cancer cells to escape this program leading to uncontrolled proliferation resulting in tumor survival, therapeutic resistance and recurrence of cancer. This resistance is a complicated phenomenon that emanates from the interactions of various molecules and signaling pathways. In this comprehensive review we discuss the various factors contributing to apoptosis resistance in cancers. The key resistance targets that are discussed include (1) Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins; (2) autophagy processes; (3) necrosis and necroptosis; (4) heat shock protein signaling; (5) the proteasome pathway; (6) epigenetic mechanisms; and (7) aberrant nuclear export signaling. The shortcomings of current therapeutic modalities are highlighted and a broad spectrum strategy using approaches including (a) gossypol; (b) epigallocatechin-3-gallate; (c) UMI-77 (d) triptolide and (e) selinexor that can be used to overcome cell death resistance is presented. This review provides a roadmap for the design of successful anti-cancer strategies that overcome resistance to apoptosis for better therapeutic outcome in patients with cancer

UV emission from self-assembled ZnS nanowires on DNA templates

We report on the self-assembled growth of 8–10 nm ZnS nanoparticles and subsequently nanowires of size ~100 nm onto DNA templates driven by the electrostatic interaction between mobile cations (Zn2+) and the negative charges of the phosphate group in DNA backbone. The nanowires show free excitonic ultra-violet (UV) emission at 310 nm along with some defect related emission bands at 345–364 nm. The observed excitonic emission is slightly red-shifted from the optical absorption edge at 300 nm plausibly due to splitting of valence band into hole states. The growth kinetics and relatively lesser internal strain are plausibly responsible for the improved emission spectra of the ZnS nanowires

Effect of synthetic aggregate on alumina castables

Increasing demand and application of unshaped refractories to replace conventionally shaped refractories has led to continuous investigation of these materials. Among the various unshaped refractories, castables lead in all the areas of research, development, manufacturing and application. A gradual increase in performance and service life of castables has been observed mainly because of the continuous decrease in cement content. Use of silica-sol as a binder for no-cement castables is getting wide commercial acceptance because of the relative ease of manufacturing and greater stability

Sensory cutaneous nerve fine-needle aspiration in Hansen′s disease: A retrospective analysis of our experience

Background: Leprosy affects peripheral nerves. As Mycobacterium leprae has unique tropism for Schwann cells, thickened sensory cutaneous nerves provide an easy target for the detection of lepra bacilli and other changes associated with the disease. Materials and Methods: The data of patients with sensory cutaneous nerve involvement were retrieved from our record for the period January 2006 to December 2014. The hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)- and May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG)-stained slides were screened for Schwann cells, granuloma, and necrosis. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)-stained smears were searched for lepra bacilli and globi. Morphological index was calculated in multibacillary lesions. Result: Twenty-nine sensory cutaneous nerves were aspirated in 23 patients. While 15 cases showed skin and nerve involvement, 8 cases showed only nerve involvement. Terminal cutaneous branch of the radial nerve was most often aspirated. No motor loss was observed after aspiration. Five cytologic pictures were seen - Epithelioid cell granuloma only in 6 cases, epithelioid cell granuloma with necrosis in 1 case, epithelioid cell granuloma with lepra bacilli in 3 cases, necrosis with lepra bacilli in 1 case, and only lepra bacilli in 12 cases. Morphological index ranged from 20% to 80%. Conclusion: Sensory cutaneous nerve fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a feasible, viable, effective, and safe procedure. It adds to diagnostic FNA yield in patients with concomitant skin involvement and offers a way to evaluate patients with only nerve involvement. Calculation of morphological index allows prognostication and may have a role in assessing response to therapy and/or relapse