Infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas eletivas: uma revisão integrativa

The aim was to survey the main risk factors associated with surgical site infection in patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgeries in the literature. This is an integrative review whose bibliographic survey was carried out through the virtual health library portal and PubMed. The inclusion criteria were primary studies in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, published in the last 5 years, and patients aged 18 years old or older. The exclusion criteria were reflection articles, research protocols, editorials, conference abstracts, dissertations, theses, and letters. Only ten studies met the criteria. The risk factors identified: were high body mass index, diabetes mellitus, decreased albumin level, high neutrophil count, smoking, advanced age, male gender, preoperative stay and prolonged surgical time. The pathogens were identified, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, followed by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The studies highlighted the main associated risk factors, related to the patient for the development of the infection. The importance of evidence-based practice and continuing education actions is highlighted, as well as the need for quality protocols for the prevention and infection control.Objetivou-se levantar na literatura os principais fatores de risco associados a infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas eletivas. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa cujo levantamento bibliográfico realizado pelo portal da biblioteca virtual em saúde e PubMed. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos primários nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, publicados nos últimos 5 anos e pacientes com idade igual ou maior a 18 anos. Os critérios de exclusão foram: artigos de reflexão, protocolos de pesquisa, editoriais, resumos de congresso, dissertações, teses e cartas ao leitor. Apenas dez estudos atenderam aos critérios. Os fatores de risco identificados:  índice de massa corporal elevado, diabetes mellitus, nível de albumina diminuído, contagem elevada de neutrófilos, tabagismo, idade avançada, gênero masculino, permanência pré-operatória e tempo cirúrgico prolongado. Identificados os patógenos, Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina, seguido por Staphylococcus aureus sensível à meticilina e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Os estudos evidenciaram os principais fatores de risco associados, relacionados ao paciente para o desenvolvimento da infecção. Ressalta-se a importância da prática baseada em evidências e de ações em educação permanente, como também, a necessidade de protocolos de qualidade para a prevenção e controle da infecção

SGLT1 activity in lung alveolar cells of diabetic rats modulates airway surface liquid glucose concentration and bacterial proliferation

High glucose concentration in the airway surface liquid (ASL) is an important feature of diabetes that predisposes to respiratory infections. We investigated the role of alveolar epithelial SGLT1 activity on ASL glucose concentration and bacterial proliferation. Non-diabetic and diabetic rats were intranasally treated with saline, isoproterenol (to increase SGLT1 activity) or phlorizin (to decrease SGLT1 activity); 2 hours later, glucose concentration and bacterial proliferation (methicillin-resistant Sthaphylococcus aureus, MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. aeruginosa) were analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); and alveolar SGLT1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. BAL glucose concentration and bacterial proliferation increased in diabetic animals: isoproterenol stimulated SGLT1 migration to luminal membrane, and reduced (50%) the BAL glucose concentration; whereas phlorizin increased the BAL glucose concentration (100%). These regulations were accompanied by parallel changes of in vitro MRSA and P. aeruginosa proliferation in BAL (r = 0.9651 and r = 0.9613, respectively, Pearson correlation). The same regulations were observed in in vivo P. aeruginosa proliferation. In summary, the results indicate a relationship among SGLT1 activity, ASL glucose concentration and pulmonary bacterial proliferation. Besides, the study highlights that, in situations of pulmonary infection risk, such as in diabetic subjects, increased SGLT1 activity may prevent bacterial proliferation whereas decreased SGLT1 activity can exacerbate it.CAPESFederal University of UberlandiaFAPEMIGFAPEALFAPESPFAPEAL fellowshipUniv Fed Alagoas, Inst Biol Sci & Hlth, Alagoas, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Physiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Uberlandia, Natl Reference Ctr Leprosy & Sanit Dermatol, Uberlandia, MG, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, Dept Physiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Uberlandia, Inst Genet & Biochem, Uberlandia, MG, BrazilUniv Calif Davis, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA USAUniv Fed Uberlandia, Inst Biomed Sci, Dept Physiol, Uberlandia, MG, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Physiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 201/04831-1Web of Scienc

Controle físico químico do medicamento referência e similar da glibenclamida / Physical chemical control of the medicinal product glibenclamide reference and similar

A Glibenclamida é um hipoglicemiante oral de segunda geração da classe das sulfoniluréias, usado para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (NERY et al. 2007). O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar o controle de qualidade físico-químico dos comprimidos similar e referência de Glibenclamida 5mg. O estudo Caracteriza-se por um estudo comparativo, analítico, e de abordagem qualitativa onde foi analisado o peso médio, friabilidade, dureza e desintegração, de comprimido Similar e de Referência.  Não houve quaisquer desvio de qualidade aos testes submetidos com o comprimido

INCIDÊNCIA DE CONSUMO DE BEBIDA ALCOÓLICA ENTRE AS VÍTIMAS DE SUICÍDIO NO DISTRITO FEDERAL

Suicide is motivated by multiple causes, and the abusive consumption of alcoholic beverages can be an important sign that individuals do not have physical and emotional control of themselves. To estimate the incidence of alcohol consumption, immediately before suicide, among people who died in 2018 in the Brazilian Federal District. This is a population-based study, of a descriptive and exploratory nature, of all deaths which occurred in the Brazilian Federal District from January 1 to December 31, 2018. Data were collected from the Mortality Information System and Police reports. The incidence and respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. The incidence of alcohol consumption just before the suicide was 18.6% (CI 95%: 18.56% to 18.62%). Males, blacks, trade workers, those without a partner, young people, and individuals with less than 8 years of study had the highest indicators. There was a greater percentage of alcohol consumption in the fall/winter, at the end of the month, in rural areas, in people who had never attempted suicide before and when the modus operandi was choking or hanging. The consumption of drugs, such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, amphetamine, and cannabis, was observed together with alcoholic beverages. The results of this research signaled an important public health problem, which is the use of alcohol to potentially encourage suicide. Effective public policies to tackle the abusive consumption of alcoholic beverages and suicide are necessary.O suicídio é motivado por múltiplas causas e o consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas pode ser um sinal importante de que os indivíduos não têm controle físico e emocional de si mesmos. Estimar a incidência do consumo de álcool, imediatamente antes do suicídio, entre as pessoas que morreram em 2018 no Distrito Federal. Trata-se de um estudo de base populacional, de caráter descritivo e exploratório, de todos os óbitos ocorridos no Distrito Federal de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2018. Os dados foram coletados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e relatórios policiais. Foram calculados os intervalos de confiança de 95%. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. A incidência de consumo de álcool pouco antes do suicídio foi de 18,6% (IC 95%: 18,56% a 18,62%). Homens, negros, trabalhadores do comércio, aqueles sem parceiro, jovens e indivíduos com menos de 8 anos de estudo apresentaram os maiores indicadores. Houve maior percentual de consumo de álcool no outono/inverno, no final do mês, em áreas rurais, em pessoas que nunca haviam tentado suicídio antes e quando o modus operandi estava engasgando ou pendurado. O consumo de drogas, como metanfetamina, ecstasy, anfetamina e cannabis, foi observado juntamente com bebidas alcoólicas. Os resultados desta pesquisa sinalizaram um importante problema de saúde pública, que é o uso de álcool para potencialmente incentivar o suicídio. São necessárias políticas públicas eficazes para enfrentar o consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas e o suicídio.El suicidio está motivado por múltiples causas, y el consumo abusivo de bebidas alcohólicas puede ser una señal importante de que las personas no tienen control físico y emocional de sí mismos. Estimar la incidencia del consumo de alcohol, inmediatamente antes del suicidio, entre las personas que murieron en 2018 en el Distrito Federal de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio poblacional, de carácter descriptivo y exploratorio, de todas las muertes ocurridas en el Distrito Federal de Brasil del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2018. Los datos se recopilaron del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad y de los informes de la Policía. Se calcularon la incidencia y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95%. Este estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de ética de la investigación. La incidencia del consumo de alcohol justo antes del suicidio fue del 18,6% (CI 95%: 18,56% a 18,62%). Los hombres, los negros, los trabajadores del comercio, los que no tienen pareja, los jóvenes y los individuos con menos de 8 años de estudio tenían los indicadores más altos. Había un mayor porcentaje de consumo de alcohol en otoño/invierno, a finales de mes, en las zonas rurales, en personas que nunca habían intentado suicidarse antes y cuando el modus operandi se estaba asfixiando o ahorcando. El consumo de drogas, como la metanfetamina, el éxtasis, la anfetamina y el cannabis, se observó junto con las bebidas alcohólicas. Los resultados de esta investigación indicaron un importante problema de salud pública, que es el uso del alcohol para fomentar potencialmente el suicidio. Las políticas públicas eficaces para hacer frente al consumo abusivo de bebidas alcohólicas y el suicidio so

INCIDÊNCIA DE CONSUMO DE BEBIDA ALCOÓLICA ENTRE AS VÍTIMAS DE SUICÍDIO NO DISTRITO FEDERAL

Suicide is motivated by multiple causes, and the abusive consumption of alcoholic beverages can be an important sign that individuals do not have physical and emotional control of themselves. To estimate the incidence of alcohol consumption, immediately before suicide, among people who died in 2018 in the Brazilian Federal District. This is a population-based study, of a descriptive and exploratory nature, of all deaths which occurred in the Brazilian Federal District from January 1 to December 31, 2018. Data were collected from the Mortality Information System and Police reports. The incidence and respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. The incidence of alcohol consumption just before the suicide was 18.6% (CI 95%: 18.56% to 18.62%). Males, blacks, trade workers, those without a partner, young people, and individuals with less than 8 years of study had the highest indicators. There was a greater percentage of alcohol consumption in the fall/winter, at the end of the month, in rural areas, in people who had never attempted suicide before and when the modus operandi was choking or hanging. The consumption of drugs, such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, amphetamine, and cannabis, was observed together with alcoholic beverages. The results of this research signaled an important public health problem, which is the use of alcohol to potentially encourage suicide. Effective public policies to tackle the abusive consumption of alcoholic beverages and suicide are necessary.O suicídio é motivado por múltiplas causas e o consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas pode ser um sinal importante de que os indivíduos não têm controle físico e emocional de si mesmos. Estimar a incidência do consumo de álcool, imediatamente antes do suicídio, entre as pessoas que morreram em 2018 no Distrito Federal. Trata-se de um estudo de base populacional, de caráter descritivo e exploratório, de todos os óbitos ocorridos no Distrito Federal de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2018. Os dados foram coletados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e relatórios policiais. Foram calculados os intervalos de confiança de 95%. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. A incidência de consumo de álcool pouco antes do suicídio foi de 18,6% (IC 95%: 18,56% a 18,62%). Homens, negros, trabalhadores do comércio, aqueles sem parceiro, jovens e indivíduos com menos de 8 anos de estudo apresentaram os maiores indicadores. Houve maior percentual de consumo de álcool no outono/inverno, no final do mês, em áreas rurais, em pessoas que nunca haviam tentado suicídio antes e quando o modus operandi estava engasgando ou pendurado. O consumo de drogas, como metanfetamina, ecstasy, anfetamina e cannabis, foi observado juntamente com bebidas alcoólicas. Os resultados desta pesquisa sinalizaram um importante problema de saúde pública, que é o uso de álcool para potencialmente incentivar o suicídio. São necessárias políticas públicas eficazes para enfrentar o consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas e o suicídio.El suicidio está motivado por múltiples causas, y el consumo abusivo de bebidas alcohólicas puede ser una señal importante de que las personas no tienen control físico y emocional de sí mismos. Estimar la incidencia del consumo de alcohol, inmediatamente antes del suicidio, entre las personas que murieron en 2018 en el Distrito Federal de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio poblacional, de carácter descriptivo y exploratorio, de todas las muertes ocurridas en el Distrito Federal de Brasil del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2018. Los datos se recopilaron del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad y de los informes de la Policía. Se calcularon la incidencia y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95%. Este estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de ética de la investigación. La incidencia del consumo de alcohol justo antes del suicidio fue del 18,6% (CI 95%: 18,56% a 18,62%). Los hombres, los negros, los trabajadores del comercio, los que no tienen pareja, los jóvenes y los individuos con menos de 8 años de estudio tenían los indicadores más altos. Había un mayor porcentaje de consumo de alcohol en otoño/invierno, a finales de mes, en las zonas rurales, en personas que nunca habían intentado suicidarse antes y cuando el modus operandi se estaba asfixiando o ahorcando. El consumo de drogas, como la metanfetamina, el éxtasis, la anfetamina y el cannabis, se observó junto con las bebidas alcohólicas. Los resultados de esta investigación indicaron un importante problema de salud pública, que es el uso del alcohol para fomentar potencialmente el suicidio. Las políticas públicas eficaces para hacer frente al consumo abusivo de bebidas alcohólicas y el suicidio so

NOTAS E RESENHAS

UMA ENTREVISTA COM PAUL CLAVAL - Sylvio Bandeira de Mello e Silva. ANÁLISE LOCACIONAL EM GEOGRAFIA - CONS IDERAÇÕES TEÓRICAS E METODOLÓGICAS - Augusto Cesar Zeferino MAPEAMENTO DE PONTOS SENSÍVEIS A IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS SOBRE OS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS EM RIO CLARO (SP) - Lucy Marion Calderini Philadelpho Machado, Roseana Correa Grilo, Elaine Regina Alves, Sandra Kioko Cortes CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE TERRAS NA APA DO RIO SÃO BARTOLOMEU - DF - Maria Novaes Pinto, Tânia Maria Vieira da Silva, Roselir de Oliveira Nascimento NOVAS DIMENSÕES NA GEOGRAFlA INDUSTRIAL - Auro Aparecido Mendes MEIO AMBIENTE: PERCEPÇÕES, ATITUDES E VALORES - Lucy M. C. P. Machado HISTÓRIA DA ECOLOGIA - Maria Juraci Zani dos Santos POLUIÇÃO ATMOSFERICA E CHUVAS ÁCIDAS - Anderson Luís Hebling Christofoletti DAS BASES METEOROLÓGICAS À CLIMATOLOGIA APLICADA - Antonio Christofoletti OCEANOGRAFIA, HIDROLOGIA E RECURSOS HÍDRICOS - Antonio Christofolett

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens