Effect of a Fibrolytic Enzymatic Extract from Cellulomonas flavigena on In Vitro Degradation and In Vivo Digestibility and Productive Performance of Lambs

An enzymatic extract from Cellulomonas flavigena was evaluated at 0, 2.5, 7.5, 12.5 mL/kg DM of total mixed ration (TMR) on the in vitro degradation of DM, NDF and ADF and in vivo at 0, 5.0 and 7.5 mL of extract per kg DM of TMR to determine the digestibility and productive performance of lambs fed a TMR made up of 60% forage. Twenty four Pelibuey-Kathadin lambs were used in the trial. The in vitro degradation of ADF showed a linear (P<0.05) response from 6 to 72 h. There was no effect on DM intake, daily gain or feed conversion. The enzymatic dose tended to linearly decrease the apparent digestibility of DM (P=0.06), NDF (P=0.10) and ADF (P=0.06). The N-NH3 concentration showed a linear decrease (P=0.002) and total VFA concentration was linearly (P<0.001) increased. The incorporation of extract of Cellulomonas flavigena in the diet increased in vitro degradation of cellulose in terms of ADF but did not increase the digestion or productive performance of lambs

Evaluación antihelmíntica de cuatro extractos de árboles forrajeros contra el nematodo Haemonchus contortus bajo condiciones in vitro

The objective was to evaluate the nematocidal effect of four hydroalcoholic extracts (HAE) of Brosimum alicastrum (HAE-Ba), Guazuma ulmifolia (HAE-Gu), Erythrina americana (HAE-Ea) and Leucaena leucocephala (HAE-Ll) against Haemonchus contortus. The tests of egg hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval (infective larvae) mortality were used. The treatments were HAEs at concentrations of 6.25-50 mg/mL for EHI and 25-100 mg/mL for larval mortality, ivermectin (5 mg/mL, positive control) and distilled water (negative control). Data were analyzed using an ANOVA and treatments with a concentration-dependent effect were subjected to a regression analysis to determine lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90). In addition, a phytochemical analysis was performed on the extracts to identify the presence of the main secondary metabolites. The best ovicidal and larvicidal activity was observed in HAE-Gu with 96.78 % EHI at 6.25 mg/mL and 57.2 % larval mortality at 75 mg/mL. Followed by HAE-Ba showing 90 % EHI at 6.25 mg/mL and 58.0 % larval mortality at 75 mg/mL. The LC50 and LC90 of HAE-Gu on EHI were 2.7 and 4.4 mg/mL, respectively. While the LCs of this same extract on larvae were LC50= 64 and LC90= 125 mg/mL. The phytochemical analysis indicates that all extracts contain tannins, coumarins, flavonoids and terpenes. The fodder species G. ulmifolia and E. americana could be candidate plants for the control of H. contortus.El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto nematicida de cuatro extractos hidroalcohólicos (EHA) de Brosimum alicastrum (EHA-Ba), Guazuma ulmifolia (EHA-Gu), Erythrina americana (EHA-Ea) y Leucaena leucocephala (EHA-Ll) contra Haemonchus contortus. Se usaron las pruebas de inhibición de la eclosión de huevos (IEH) y mortalidad larval (larvas infectantes). Los tratamientos fueron los EHA´s a concentraciones de 6.25-50 mg/ml para IEH y de 25-100 mg/mlpara mortalidad larval, ivermectina (5 mg/ml, control positivo) y agua destilada (control negativo). Los datos se analizaron mediante un ANOVA y los tratamientos con efecto dependiente a la concentración se sometieron a un análisis de regresión para determinar las concentraciones letales (CL50 y CL90).  Además, se realizó un análisis fitoquímico a los extractos para identificar la presencia de los principales metabolitos secundarios.  La mejor actividad ovicida  y larvicida fue observada en  EHA-Gu con  un 96.78 % de IEH a 6.25 mg/ml y 57.2 % de mortalidad larval a 75 mg/ml. Seguido de EHA-Ba mostrando 90 % IEH a 6.25 mg/mly un 58.0 % de mortalidad larval a 75 mg/ml. Las CL50 y CL90 del EHA-Gu sobre la IEH fueron 2.7 y 4.4 mg/ml, respectivamente. Mientras que las CL´s de este mismo extracto sobre larvas fue de CL50=64 y CL90=125 mg/ml. El análisis fitoquímico indica que todos los extractos contienen taninos, cumarinas, flavonoides y terpenos. Las especies forrajeras G. ulmifolia y E. americana podrían ser plantas candidatas para el control de H. contortus

Fertility in Cebú × brown Swiss cows treated with prostaglandins, progesterone and eCG

Objective: To evaluate the application of 1 or 2 doses of prostaglandin F2? (PGF2?), the use of progestogen on different days of the estrous cycle, and the use of eCG in estrus and fertility synchronization of Zebu × Brown Swiss cows. Design / Methodology / Approach: The study was based on three protocols. Protocol 1 consisted of two treatments: PGI) 26 cows were injected with a single dose of 25 mg PGF2?, and 10 cows with two doses of 25 mg PGF2? with a 14 day interval. Protocol 2 consisted of two treatments: NG14) 11 cows were implanted with 3 mg Norgestomet on day 7 of the estrous cycle, and NG7) 11 animals received the same dose on day 14. In protocol 3, all the cows were implanted with 3 mg Norgestomet for 9 days, 48 h before removing the implant, 25 mg PGF2? was applied. Once the implant was removed, the cows were distributed into two treatments. Norgestomet (n=11) without eCG and Norgestomet + eCG (500 IU) (n=11). &nbsp;&nbsp; Results: The application of PGF2? on two occasions had no influence (p&gt; 0.05) on the percentages of estrus or pregnancies. NG7 achieved estrus synchronization in 81.8% of the cows between 24 and 36 h, compared with 45.4% of NG14; however, the pregnancy rate was lower (p&lt;0.05). The application of eCG synchronized 90.9% estrus between 24 and 36 h, compared with 36.4% in the group where no eCG was applied. Study limitations / implications: The use of transrectal ultrasound is required to evaluate the ovarian structures present at the time of initiating an estrus synchronization protocol. Findings / conclusions: Cows that present corpus luteum do not require more than one injection of PGF2?, the percentage of pregnancy increases when Norgestomet is implanted on day 14 of the estrous cycle, in addition the application of eCG increases the percentage of synchronization of heat of the 24 to 36 h after withdrawal of progestogenObjective: To evaluate the application of one or two doses of prostaglandin F2?(PGF2?), the application of a progestogen on different days of the estrous cycle and theusage of eCG in the estrus synchronization and fertility of Zebu × Brown Swiss cows.Design / methodology / approach: The study was based on three protocols. The firstconsisted of two treatments: PGI) 26 cows were injected with a single 25 mg dose ofPGF2? and 10 cows with two 25 mg doses of PGF2? at a 14-day interval. Protocol 2consisted of two treatments: NG14) 11 cows were implanted with 3 mg of Norgestometon day 7 of their estrous cycle and NG7) 11 animals received the same dose on day 14.In protocol 3 all cows were implanted with 3 mg of Norgestomet for 9 days, 48 h beforeremoving the implant, 25 mg of PGF2? was applied. Once the implants were removed,they were distributed into two treatments. Norgestomet (n = 11) without eCG andNorgestomet + eCG (500 IU) (n = 11). Results: The application of PGF2? at two times had no influence (p &amp;gt; 0.05) in theestrous percentages and conception. The NG7 achieved estrous synchronization in 81.8% of the cows, in between 24 and 36 h, compared to 45.4 % of the NG14; however, theconception rate was lower (p ? 0.05). The eCG application synchronized 90.9 % ofestrous between 24 and 36 h, compared with 36.4 % of the group with no eCGapplication.Study limitations / implications: Transrectal ultrasounds are required to assess theovarian structures present at the time of the estrus onset in a synchronization protocol.Findings / conclusions: Cows that present corpus luteum do not require more thanone injection of PGF2?, the pregnancy percentage increases when Norgestomet isimplanted on day 14 of the estrous cycle, in addition the application of eCG increasesthe synchronization percentage of the heat between 24 to 36 h after the progestogenwithdrawal

Potential effects of delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on ruminant meat and milk quality

El articulo esta publicado en una revista de Open accessThe objective was to review the potential effects of adding anthocyanin delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (DOS) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (COS) of HS in animal diets. One hundred and four scientific articles published before 2021 in clinics, pharmacology, nutrition, and animal production were included. The grains/concentrate, metabolic exigency, and caloric stress contribute to increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS). COS and DOS have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anthelmintic activities. In the rumen, anthocyanin might obtain interactions and/or synergisms with substrates, microorganisms, and enzymes which could affect the fiber degradability and decrease potential methane (CH4) emissions; since anthocyanin interferes with ruminal fatty acids biohydrogenation (BH), they can increase the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk and meat, as well as improving their quality. Anthocyanins reduce plasma oxidation and can be deposited in milk and meat, increasing antioxidant activities. Therefore, the reduction of the oxidation of fats and proteins improves shelf-life. Although studies in ruminants are required, COS and DOS act as inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEi) and rennin expression, regulating the homeostatic control and possibly the milk yield and body weight. By-products of HS contain polyphenols as calyces with positive effects on the average daily gain and fat meat quality

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Evaluación mineral de los componentes del sistema silvopastoril intensivo con Leucaena leucocephala en tres épocas del año

A mineral evaluation of the components of the intensive silvopastoral system, soil, drinking water, forage (Leucaena leucocephala, Megathyrsus maximus) and blood serum of calves and dairy cows was performed. Three samplings were carried out in the cold, dry and rainy seasons. Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K, Na and P were determined and analyzed. Elevated levels of Fe, Ca, K and Mg were found in the soil, while minerals from drinking water remained within adequate ranges, with the exception of Fe (0.61 and 0.57 mg kg-1) at the ranches El Vivero and Los Huarinches, respectively. The concentration of Ca, Mg, K and Na was higher in Leucaena leucocephala than in Megathyrsus maximus, while the content of Cu (6.16 and 5.66 mg kg-1), Zn (17.9 and 24.4) and P (2,584.5 and 2,682.8 mg kg-1) in both ranches do not meet the requirements of the cows, which could generate low levels of these elements in blood serum, in both cows and calves:  Cu (0.64 and 0.54 mg kg-1),  Zn (0.74 and 0.60 mg kg-1) and P (49.24 and 39.43 mg kg-1), respectively.Se realizó evaluación mineral de los componentes del sistema silvopastoril intensivo, suelo, agua de bebida, forraje (Leucaena leucocephala, Megathyrsus máximus) y suero sanguíneo de becerros y vacas lecheras. Se realizaron tres muestreos, en las épocas de frío, secas y lluvias. Se determinaron y analizaron Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K, Na y P. Se encontraron niveles elevados de Fe, Ca, K y Mg en suelo, mientras que los minerales del agua de bebida permanecieron dentro de los rangos adecuados, con excepción del Fe (0.61 y 0.57 mg kg-1) en los ranchos El Vivero y Los Huarinches, respectivamente. La concentración de Ca, Mg, K y Na fue mayor en Leucaena leucocephala que en Megathyrsus máximus, mientras que el contenido de Cu (6.16 y 5.66 mg kg-1), Zn (17.9 y 24.4) y P (2,584.5 y 2,682.8 mg kg-1) en ambos ranchos no satisfacen los requerimientos de las vacas, lo que pudo generar niveles bajos de estos elementos en suero sanguíneo, tanto en las vacas como en las crías: Cu (0.64 y 0.54 mg kg-1), Zn (0.74 y 0.60 mg kg-1) y P (49.24 y 39.43 mg kg-1), respectivamente

Rendimiento de forraje e intensidad lumínica bajo el dosel en el sistema silvopastoril tradicional de la Sierra de Huautla, Morelos

Los sistemas silvopastoriles proveen alimento y bienestar para el ganado. El propósito fue determinar la producción del forraje herbáceo e intensidad lumínica bajo el dosel, en diferentes densidades arbóreas del sistema silvopastoril tradicional en la Sierra de Huautla, Morelos. Se seleccionaron nueve sitios con distintas densidades arbóreas, se identificaron las especies herbáceas presentes y su porcentaje en la masa forrajera, además se cuantificó la producción de materia seca de herbáceas forrajeras y se estimó la intensidad de luz que incide con el estrato herbáceo. Experimentalmente, se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, donde los bloques fueron las diferentes densidades arbóreas y los tratamientos fueron los periodos de muestreo. En los sitios con baja densidad arbórea (50 a 200 árboles ha-1) se registraron 38 especies herbáceas, donde Rhynchelytrum repens aportó 38.1 % de la biomasa; en sitios con densidad arbórea moderada (201 a 350 árboles ha-1) se registraron 48 especies herbáceas, siendo Brachiaria brizanta la especie que aportó 58.36 % de la biomasa presente; en condiciones de alta densidad arbórea (> 350 árboles ha-1) se registraron 27 especies herbáceas, resaltando Oplismenus burmanni con 58.36 % de la biomasa presente. El porcentaje de materia seca del forraje herbáceo fue 28, 24 y 20 % para condiciones de baja, media y alta densidad arbórea, respectivamente. Se concluye que la densidad arbórea e intensidad de luz bajo el dosel afectan la producción, tasa de crecimiento y composición botanica de las herbáceas forrajeras en el sistema silvopastoril tradicional de la Sierra de Huautla, Morelos

Nivel óptimo de energía neta en el consumo de alimento y producción de leche en el inicio de la lactancia de vacas Holstein-Friesian en confinamiento

Optimun level of net energy of lactaction (NEL, Mcal) in Holstein-Friesian cows under confined conditions was determined based on body weight (BW, kg) changes, dry matter intake (DMI, kg), milk yield (MY), and milk yield efficiency (MYE). Thirty cows (BW=708.8 ± 26 kg, of second or more lactations) were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1.46, 1.77 and 2.10 Mcal of NEL/kg DM, for low (LO), medium (ME), and high (HI), respectively, during the first 15 wk of lactation.El objetivo fue determinar el nivel óptimo de energia neta de lactancia (ENL) en el consumo de materia seca (CMS), peso vivo (PV), y la producción de leche (PL) de vacas Holstein-Friesian durante las primeras 15 semanas. En el estudio se utilizaron 30 vacas (PV=708.8 ± 26 kg, de segunda o más lactancias), que se estratificaron por peso y fueron aleatoriamente asignadas a uno de tres tratamientos: Bajo (BA), Medio (ME) y Alto (AL), que contenían 1.46, 1.77 y 2.10 Mcal de ENL/kg MS, respectivamente