On the Velocity Gradient in Stably Stratified Sheared Flows. Part 2: Observations and Models

Peer reviewe

Uncertainty of eddy covariance flux measurements over an urban area based on two towers

The eddy covariance (EC) technique is the most direct method for measuring the exchange between the surface and the atmosphere in different ecosystems. Thus, it is commonly used to get information on air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, and on turbulent heat transfer. Typically an ecosystem is monitored by only one single EC measurement station at a time, making the ecosystem-level flux values subject to random and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, in urban ecosystems we often have no choice but to conduct the single-point measurements in non-ideal locations such as close to buildings and/or in the roughness sub-layer, bringing further complications to data analysis and flux estimations. In order to tackle the question of how representative a single EC measurement point in an urban area can be, two identical EC systems - measuring momentum, sensible and latent heat, and carbon dioxide fluxes - were installed on each side of the same building structure in central Helsinki, Finland, during July 2013-September 2015. The main interests were to understand the sensitivity of the vertical fluxes on the single measurement point and to estimate the systematic uncertainty in annual cumulative values due to missing data if certain, relatively wide, flow-distorted wind sectors are disregarded. The momentum and measured scalar fluxes respond very differently to the distortion caused by the building structure. The momentum flux is the most sensitive to the measurement location, whereas scalar fluxes are less impacted. The flow distortion areas of the two EC systems (40-150 and 230-340 degrees) are best detected from the mean-wind-normalised turbulent kinetic energy, and outside these areas the median relative random uncertainties of the studied fluxes measured by one system are between 12 % and 28 %. Different gap-filling methods with which to yield annual cumulative fluxes show how using data from a single EC measurement point can cause up to a 12 % (480 g C m(-2)) underestimation in the cumulative carbon fluxes as compared to combined data from the two systems. Combining the data from two EC systems also increases the fraction of usable half-hourly carbon fluxes from 45 % to 69 % at the annual level. For sensible and latent heat, the respective underestimations are up to 5 % and 8 % (0.094 and 0.069 TJ m(-2)). The obtained random and systematic uncertainties are in the same range as observed in vegetated ecosystems. We also show how the commonly used data flagging criteria in natural ecosystems, kurtosis and skewness, are not necessarily suitable for filtering out data in a densely built urban environment. The results show how the single measurement system can be used to derive representative flux values for central Helsinki, but the addition of second system to other side of the building structure decreases the systematic uncertainties. Comparable results can be expected in similarly dense city locations where no large directional deviations in the source area are seen. In general, the obtained results will aid the scientific community by providing information about the sensitivity of EC measurements and their quality flagging in urban areas.Peer reviewe

ARIA digital anamorphosis : Digital transformation of health and care in airway diseases from research to practice

Digital anamorphosis is used to define a distorted image of health and care that may be viewed correctly using digital tools and strategies. MASK digital anamorphosis represents the process used by MASK to develop the digital transformation of health and care in rhinitis. It strengthens the ARIA change management strategy in the prevention and management of airway disease. The MASK strategy is based on validated digital tools. Using the MASK digital tool and the CARAT online enhanced clinical framework, solutions for practical steps of digital enhancement of care are proposed.Peer reviewe

ARIA digital anamorphosis: Digital transformation of health and care in airway diseases from research to practice

Digital anamorphosis is used to define a distorted image of health and care that may be viewed correctly using digital tools and strategies. MASK digital anamorphosis represents the process used by MASK to develop the digital transformation of health and care in rhinitis. It strengthens the ARIA change management strategy in the prevention and management of airway disease. The MASK strategy is based on validated digital tools. Using the MASK digital tool and the CARAT online enhanced clinical framework, solutions for practical steps of digital enhancement of care are proposed

The multi-frequency sodar with high temporal resolution

The new sodar LATAN-3M with a frequency-coded sounding signal was developed, manufactured, and successfully tested at the Obukhov Institute for Atmospheric Physics. The sodar emits a sequence of sounding pulses at different frequencies and then averages the Doppler spectra for each range gate over the ensemble of frequencies. The field tests have proved the significant advantages of a multi-frequency technique in comparison with a single-frequency one. The use of eight different frequencies halves the minimal acceptable signal to noise ratio compared to single-frequency sounding. Moreover, the multi-frequency mode improves the accuracy of instantaneous values of measured parameters and significantly increases the reliability in recognizing noisy echo-signals

The summertime ABL structure over an antarctic oasis with a vertical Doppler sodar

The one-component version of the multiple-frequency LATAN-3M sodar was operated during the summer 2006-2007 at the Russian Antarctic station Novolazarevskaya at Schirmacher oasis. We show the typical echograms for the prevailing conditions of forced turbulence, convective turbulence, strong katabatic flows and moist air advection with wave structures. The profiles of the vertical wind component and its variance reveal the vertical structure of local diurnal katabatic winds. We observed the core of a drainage flow at a height of 10-30 m. During the sea air mass advection, the wavy structures are clearly seen in the echograms at heights of 100-200 m a.g.l. The vertical wind component time series show that these waves are propagating rather than advected. The spectrum of the waves has a pronounced peak corresponding to the Brunt-Väisälä frequency in the layer 400-1000 m a.g.l. but not to that in the layer where the waves appear

Summertime low-level jet characteristics measured by sodars over rural and urban areas

This work is devoted to the study of nocturnal low-level jet streams (LLJ) at altitudes up to 400 m agl, with the help of Doppler sodars. The objective was twofold: firstly, to study the origin and behavior of LLJ in a mid-latitude region, and secondly, to compare the LLJ characteristics over urban and rural areas. To this end, simultaneous measurements of wind velocity profiles over the center of Moscow city and over a nearby countryside were carried out. The sodar data on wind speed and direction collected continuously during 27 days in July 2005 were analyzed together with in situ data from a meteorological mast. A good correlation between the height of the LLJ core and the inversion height was found. Empirical distributions of the maximum speed of the jet streams, the height of the jet core, and the wind turning across the stream were obtained. The relationships between the LLJs characteristics and some surface layer parameters were found. Over the urban area the jet streams appeared less frequently and at heigher altitudes than over the countryside

Innovative strategies for observations in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ISOBAR)—The Hailuoto 2017 Campaign

The aim of the research project “Innovative Strategies for Observations in the Arctic Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ISOBAR)” is to substantially increase the understanding of the stable atmospheric boundary layer (SBL) through a combination of well-established and innovative observation methods as well as by models of different complexity. During three weeks in February 2017, a first field campaign was carried out over the sea ice of the Bothnian Bay in the vicinity of the Finnish island of Hailuoto. Observations were based on ground-based eddy-covariance (EC), automatic weather stations (AWS) and remote-sensing instrumentation as well as more than 150 flight missions by several different Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) during mostly stable and very stable boundary layer conditions. The structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and above could be resolved at a very high vertical resolution, especially close to the ground, by combining surface-based measurements with UAV observations, i.e., multicopter and fixed-wing profiles up to 200 m agl and 1800 m agl, respectively. Repeated multicopter profiles provided detailed information on the evolution of the SBL, in addition to the continuous SODAR and LIDAR wind measurements. The paper describes the campaign and the potential of the collected data set for future SBL research and focuses on both the UAV operations and the benefits of complementing established measurement methods by UAV measurements to enable SBL observations at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution