Magnetic Field Sensors And Visualizers Using Magnetic Photonic Crystals

Magneto-optical imaging is widely used to observe the domain patterns in magnetic materials, visualize defects in ferromagnetic objects, and measure the spatial distribution of stray magnetic fields. Optimized 1D magneto-photonic crystals enable a significant increase in the sensitivity of magneto-optical sensors. The properties of such devices based on the optimized reflection (doubled Faraday rotation) mode and the use of 1D magnetic photonic crystals as sensors are discussed. Experimental results of the fabrication and characterization of ferrite-garnet layers possessing uniaxial magnetic anisotropy are shown, and an optimized film structure suitable for magneto-optical imaging is proposed

Garnet nanocomposite for use in magnetic photonic crystals prepared by composition adjustment in the Bi₃Fe₃O₁₂–Bi₂Dy₁Fe₄Ga₁ O₁₂ material system

RF co-sputtered nanocomposite (Bi3Fe5O12-Bi2Dy1Fe4Ga1O12) thin films are prepared using composition adjustment approach, implemented by varying the RF powers at each sputtering target. A new MO nanocomposite material is obtained by means of applying optimized annealing crystallization process to these as-deposited garnet layers. The optimally annealed garnet nanocomposites exhibit a significant red shift of the main MO transitions and show strong Faraday rotation of about 8.8°/μm at 532 nm simultaneously with having a high MO quality and magnetization direction perpendicular to the film plane

Nanostructured Engineered Materials With High Magneto-optic Performance For Integrated Photonics Applications

In this paper, we experimentally investigate the performance of a set of technologies used for the deposition, annealing and characterization of high-performance magnetooptic rare-earth-doped garnet materials and all-garnet heterostructures for use in photonic crystals and novel integrated-optics devices

Nanostructured Engineered Materials With High Magneto-optic Performance For Integrated Photonics Applications

In this paper, we experimentally investigate the performance of a set of technologies used for the deposition, annealing and characterization of high-performance magnetooptic rare-earth-doped garnet materials and all-garnet heterostructures for use in photonic crystals and novel integrated-optics devices

Novel Magnetic Photonic Crystal Structures for Magnetic Field Sensors and Visualizers

Optimized one-dimensional (1-D) magnetophotonic crystals greatly increase the sensitivity of magnetooptical sensors, which are widely used in magnetooptical imaging to observe the magnetic domain patterns in magnetic materials, to observe the vortex states in superconductors, to detect small bits in magnetooptical recording media, to visualize defects in ferromagnetic objects, and to measure the value and spatial distribution of stray magnetic fields. This paper examines the properties of such devices operating in the optimized reflection (doubled Faraday rotation) mode and discusses the use of 1-D magnetophotonic crystals as sensors

Magneto-optic properties of ultrathin nanocrystalline ferrite garnet films in the 8K to 300K temperature interval

A study of the initial stages of crystallization in RF magnetron-sputtered ferrite garnet films is reported, in which a series of ultrathin Bi2Dy1Fe4Ga1O12 layers is fabricated and characterized. The spectral and temperature dependencies of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of these films are studied in the temperature range from 300 K down to 8 K. Measured magneto-optical properties are reported in the spectral range between 300 and 600 nm. In ultrathin garnets at temperatures below 160 K, we found that between 360 and 520 nm, the spectral MCD dependencies were typical of bismuth-substituted garnets with high levels of gallium dilution in the tetrahedral sublattice. The MCD signal strength measured at its 440 nm peak grows linearly with reducing temperature between 160 K and 8 K. This observed temperature dependency of MCD differed dramatically from these measured in thicker (3.7 nm) nanocrystalline garnet films. The peak MCD signal at 440 nm in these 3.7 nm-thick samples grows linearly from 215 K down to 100 K, resembling the same dependency seen in 1.7 nm films. In thinnest layers of thickness 0.6 nm, no MCD signals were observed at any temperature in the range between 8 and 300 K

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass