32 research outputs found

    CD95 recruits PLCÎł1 to trigger a calcium response promoting Th17 accumulation in inflamed organs of lupus mice

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    CD95 ligand (CD95L) is expressed by immune cells and triggers apoptotic death. Metalloprotease-cleaved CD95L (cl-CD95L) is released into the bloodstream but does not trigger apoptotic signaling. Hence, the pathophysiological role of cl-CD95L remains unclear. We observed that skin-derived endothelial cells from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients expressed CD95L, and that after cleavage, cl-CD95L promoted T helper 17 (Th17) lymphocyte transmigration across the endothelial barrier at the expense of T regulatory cells. T cell migration relied on a direct interaction between the CD95 domain called calcium-inducing domain (CID) and the Src homology 3 domain of phospholipase CÎł1. Th17 cells stimulated with cl-CD95L produced sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which promoted endothelial transmigration by activating the S1P receptor 3. We generated a cell-penetrating CID peptide that prevented Th17 cell transmigration and alleviated clinical symptoms in lupus mice. Therefore, neutralizing the CD95 non-apoptotic signaling pathway may be attractive therapeutic approach for SLE treatment

    CD95-mediated calcium signaling promotes T helper 17 trafficking to inflamed organs in lupus-prone mice

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    CD95 ligand (CD95L) is expressed by immune cells and triggers apoptotic death. Metalloprotease-cleaved CD95L (cl-CD95L) is released into the bloodstream but does not trigger apoptotic signaling. Hence, the pathophysiological role of cl-CD95L remains unclear. We observed that skin-derived endothelial cells from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients expressed CD95L and that after cleavage, cl-CD95L promoted T helper 17 (Th17) lymphocyte transmigration across the endothelial barrier at the expense of T regulatory cells. T cell migration relied on a direct interaction between the CD95 domain called calcium-inducing domain (CID) and the Src homology 3 domain of phospholipase CÎł1. Th17 cells stimulated with cl-CD95L produced sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which promoted endothelial transmigration by activating the S1P receptor 3. We generated a cell-penetrating CID peptide that prevented Th17 cell transmigration and alleviated clinical symptoms in lupus mice. Therefore, neutralizing the CD95 non-apoptotic signaling pathway could be an attractive therapeutic approach for SLE treatment

    Essential versus accessory aspects of cell death: recommendations of the NCCD 2015

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    Cells exposed to extreme physicochemical or mechanical stimuli die in an uncontrollable manner, as a result of their immediate structural breakdown. Such an unavoidable variant of cellular demise is generally referred to as ‘accidental cell death’ (ACD). In most settings, however, cell death is initiated by a genetically encoded apparatus, correlating with the fact that its course can be altered by pharmacologic or genetic interventions. ‘Regulated cell death’ (RCD) can occur as part of physiologic programs or can be activated once adaptive responses to perturbations of the extracellular or intracellular microenvironment fail. The biochemical phenomena that accompany RCD may be harnessed to classify it into a few subtypes, which often (but not always) exhibit stereotyped morphologic features. Nonetheless, efficiently inhibiting the processes that are commonly thought to cause RCD, such as the activation of executioner caspases in the course of apoptosis, does not exert true cytoprotective effects in the mammalian system, but simply alters the kinetics of cellular demise as it shifts its morphologic and biochemical correlates. Conversely, bona fide cytoprotection can be achieved by inhibiting the transduction of lethal signals in the early phases of the process, when adaptive responses are still operational. Thus, the mechanisms that truly execute RCD may be less understood, less inhibitable and perhaps more homogeneous than previously thought. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death formulates a set of recommendations to help scientists and researchers to discriminate between essential and accessory aspects of cell death

    Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

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    Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

    Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

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    RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≄60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

    La construction sociale du marché du financement participatif en France

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    Since the end of the 2000s, crowdfunding platforms have been developing in France with the promise of a direct and disintermediated relationship between project owners and funders, facilitating access to funds for project owners and allowing French Internet users to fund projects of their choice. This PhD dissertation studies this phenomenon by combining ethnographic observation and interviews with various actors who have participated in the development of this activity. The research shows that the institutionalization of crowdfunding in France stems from a collective action involving industry professionals, representatives of public authorities, platform partners, and the media. While platforms defend a model of self-organization and autonomy, it appears that their development would not have been possible without the intervention of public authorities, who have created a favorable legal framework to crowdfunding, in order to change the relationship of the French population with its savings and to encourage the contribution to the economic health of new firms in a context of crisis. The study also shows that, despite the extreme heterogeneity of the three majority crowdfunding models studied (reward-based, lending-based, and equity-based), there is a collective effort to highlight common characteristics and to blur the heterogeneity of the sectors (on the one hand the world of cultural creation, on the other the world of finance). Platforms, as socio-technical devices, seek to present themselves as neutral instruments that favor a natural match between fund seekers and funders. This research shows that actually the growth of this financing model is the result of a market labor carried out by professionals in the sector to bring two types of users on their platform: the fund-seekers on one side and the funders on the other. The research also shows that the platforms strategic decisions try to balance out quantity and quality of projects. To reduce risks, platforms put in place qualification and project selection processes, often imported from traditional finance - contradicting the idea of democratization of access to funding. In their development efforts, they also seek to build relationships with traditional players from the world of finance. In doing so, they reintroduce new intermediaries that complicate the relationship between fund-seekers and funders.Depuis la fin des annĂ©es 2000, les plateformes de financement participatif se dĂ©veloppent en France avec la promesse d’une relation directe, dĂ©sintermĂ©diĂ©e, entre demandeurs de financement et financeurs, en facilitant l’accĂšs aux fonds pour des porteurs de projet et en permettant aux Français de financer les projets de leur choix. Cette thĂšse vise Ă  Ă©tudier ce phĂ©nomĂšne Ă  partir d’une enquĂȘte combinant observation ethnographique et entretiens menĂ©s auprĂšs des diffĂ©rents acteurs qui se sont organisĂ©s pour faire exister et dĂ©velopper ce secteur d’activitĂ©. L’enquĂȘte montre que l’institutionnalisation du financement participatif en France rĂ©sulte d’une action collective impliquant des professionnels du secteur, des reprĂ©sentants des pouvoirs publics, des partenaires de plateformes et des mĂ©dias. Alors que les plateformes dĂ©fendent un modĂšle d’auto-organisation et d’autonomie, il apparaĂźt que le dĂ©veloppement des plateformes n’aurait pas Ă©tĂ© possible sans l’intervention des pouvoirs publics qui ont crĂ©Ă© un cadre juridique favorable au financement participatif, au nom d’une volontĂ© de faire Ă©voluer le rapport des Français Ă  leur Ă©pargne et d’amener ces derniers Ă  contribuer Ă  la santĂ© Ă©conomique des entreprises dans un contexte de crise. L’enquĂȘte montre aussi que par-delĂ  l’extrĂȘme hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des trois modĂšles majoritaires de financement participatif Ă©tudiĂ©s (don/contrepartie, prĂȘt et capital), un effort collectif est fait pour mettre en valeur les points communs et gommer l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des secteurs concernĂ©s (d’un cĂŽtĂ© le monde de la crĂ©ation culturelle, de l’autre le monde de la finance). Les plateformes, en tant que dispositifs socio-techniques, cherchent Ă  se prĂ©senter comme des instruments neutres qui favoriseraient un appariement naturel entre des demandeurs de fonds et des financeurs. Cette recherche montre au contraire que l’essor de ce modĂšle de financement est le fruit d’un travail marchand menĂ© par les professionnels du secteur pour recruter deux types d’usagers sur leur plateforme : des demandeurs de fonds d’un cĂŽtĂ© et des financeurs de l’autre. L’enquĂȘte montre les arbitrages opĂ©rĂ©s par les plateformes entre une logique de volume et une logique de qualitĂ©. Pour rĂ©duire le risque, les plateformes mettent en place des systĂšmes de qualification et de sĂ©lection des projets, souvent importĂ©s de la finance traditionnelle, qui entrent en contradiction avec les discours de dĂ©mocratisation de l’accĂšs au financement. Dans leurs efforts de dĂ©veloppement, elles cherchent aussi Ă  nouer des relations avec les acteurs traditionnels du monde de la finance. Ce faisant elles rĂ©introduisent de nouveaux intermĂ©diaires qui viennent complexifier la relation entre demandeurs de fonds et financeurs

    The social construction of the crowdfunding market in France

    No full text
    Depuis la fin des annĂ©es 2000, les plateformes de financement participatif se dĂ©veloppent en France avec la promesse d’une relation directe, dĂ©sintermĂ©diĂ©e, entre demandeurs de financement et financeurs, en facilitant l’accĂšs aux fonds pour des porteurs de projet et en permettant aux Français de financer les projets de leur choix. Cette thĂšse vise Ă  Ă©tudier ce phĂ©nomĂšne Ă  partir d’une enquĂȘte combinant observation ethnographique et entretiens menĂ©s auprĂšs des diffĂ©rents acteurs qui se sont organisĂ©s pour faire exister et dĂ©velopper ce secteur d’activitĂ©. L’enquĂȘte montre que l’institutionnalisation du financement participatif en France rĂ©sulte d’une action collective impliquant des professionnels du secteur, des reprĂ©sentants des pouvoirs publics, des partenaires de plateformes et des mĂ©dias. Alors que les plateformes dĂ©fendent un modĂšle d’auto-organisation et d’autonomie, il apparaĂźt que le dĂ©veloppement des plateformes n’aurait pas Ă©tĂ© possible sans l’intervention des pouvoirs publics qui ont crĂ©Ă© un cadre juridique favorable au financement participatif, au nom d’une volontĂ© de faire Ă©voluer le rapport des Français Ă  leur Ă©pargne et d’amener ces derniers Ă  contribuer Ă  la santĂ© Ă©conomique des entreprises dans un contexte de crise. L’enquĂȘte montre aussi que par-delĂ  l’extrĂȘme hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des trois modĂšles majoritaires de financement participatif Ă©tudiĂ©s (don/contrepartie, prĂȘt et capital), un effort collectif est fait pour mettre en valeur les points communs et gommer l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des secteurs concernĂ©s (d’un cĂŽtĂ© le monde de la crĂ©ation culturelle, de l’autre le monde de la finance). Les plateformes, en tant que dispositifs socio-techniques, cherchent Ă  se prĂ©senter comme des instruments neutres qui favoriseraient un appariement naturel entre des demandeurs de fonds et des financeurs. Cette recherche montre au contraire que l’essor de ce modĂšle de financement est le fruit d’un travail marchand menĂ© par les professionnels du secteur pour recruter deux types d’usagers sur leur plateforme : des demandeurs de fonds d’un cĂŽtĂ© et des financeurs de l’autre. L’enquĂȘte montre les arbitrages opĂ©rĂ©s par les plateformes entre une logique de volume et une logique de qualitĂ©. Pour rĂ©duire le risque, les plateformes mettent en place des systĂšmes de qualification et de sĂ©lection des projets, souvent importĂ©s de la finance traditionnelle, qui entrent en contradiction avec les discours de dĂ©mocratisation de l’accĂšs au financement. Dans leurs efforts de dĂ©veloppement, elles cherchent aussi Ă  nouer des relations avec les acteurs traditionnels du monde de la finance. Ce faisant elles rĂ©introduisent de nouveaux intermĂ©diaires qui viennent complexifier la relation entre demandeurs de fonds et financeurs.Since the end of the 2000s, crowdfunding platforms have been developing in France with the promise of a direct and disintermediated relationship between project owners and funders, facilitating access to funds for project owners and allowing French Internet users to fund projects of their choice. This PhD dissertation studies this phenomenon by combining ethnographic observation and interviews with various actors who have participated in the development of this activity. The research shows that the institutionalization of crowdfunding in France stems from a collective action involving industry professionals, representatives of public authorities, platform partners, and the media. While platforms defend a model of self-organization and autonomy, it appears that their development would not have been possible without the intervention of public authorities, who have created a favorable legal framework to crowdfunding, in order to change the relationship of the French population with its savings and to encourage the contribution to the economic health of new firms in a context of crisis. The study also shows that, despite the extreme heterogeneity of the three majority crowdfunding models studied (reward-based, lending-based, and equity-based), there is a collective effort to highlight common characteristics and to blur the heterogeneity of the sectors (on the one hand the world of cultural creation, on the other the world of finance). Platforms, as socio-technical devices, seek to present themselves as neutral instruments that favor a natural match between fund seekers and funders. This research shows that actually the growth of this financing model is the result of a market labor carried out by professionals in the sector to bring two types of users on their platform: the fund-seekers on one side and the funders on the other. The research also shows that the platforms strategic decisions try to balance out quantity and quality of projects. To reduce risks, platforms put in place qualification and project selection processes, often imported from traditional finance - contradicting the idea of democratization of access to funding. In their development efforts, they also seek to build relationships with traditional players from the world of finance. In doing so, they reintroduce new intermediaries that complicate the relationship between fund-seekers and funders

    La construction sociale du marché du financement participatif en France

    No full text
    Since the end of the 2000s, crowdfunding platforms have been developing in France with the promise of a direct and disintermediated relationship between project owners and funders, facilitating access to funds for project owners and allowing French Internet users to fund projects of their choice. This PhD dissertation studies this phenomenon by combining ethnographic observation and interviews with various actors who have participated in the development of this activity. The research shows that the institutionalization of crowdfunding in France stems from a collective action involving industry professionals, representatives of public authorities, platform partners, and the media. While platforms defend a model of self-organization and autonomy, it appears that their development would not have been possible without the intervention of public authorities, who have created a favorable legal framework to crowdfunding, in order to change the relationship of the French population with its savings and to encourage the contribution to the economic health of new firms in a context of crisis. The study also shows that, despite the extreme heterogeneity of the three majority crowdfunding models studied (reward-based, lending-based, and equity-based), there is a collective effort to highlight common characteristics and to blur the heterogeneity of the sectors (on the one hand the world of cultural creation, on the other the world of finance). Platforms, as socio-technical devices, seek to present themselves as neutral instruments that favor a natural match between fund seekers and funders. This research shows that actually the growth of this financing model is the result of a market labor carried out by professionals in the sector to bring two types of users on their platform: the fund-seekers on one side and the funders on the other. The research also shows that the platforms strategic decisions try to balance out quantity and quality of projects. To reduce risks, platforms put in place qualification and project selection processes, often imported from traditional finance - contradicting the idea of democratization of access to funding. In their development efforts, they also seek to build relationships with traditional players from the world of finance. In doing so, they reintroduce new intermediaries that complicate the relationship between fund-seekers and funders.Depuis la fin des annĂ©es 2000, les plateformes de financement participatif se dĂ©veloppent en France avec la promesse d’une relation directe, dĂ©sintermĂ©diĂ©e, entre demandeurs de financement et financeurs, en facilitant l’accĂšs aux fonds pour des porteurs de projet et en permettant aux Français de financer les projets de leur choix. Cette thĂšse vise Ă  Ă©tudier ce phĂ©nomĂšne Ă  partir d’une enquĂȘte combinant observation ethnographique et entretiens menĂ©s auprĂšs des diffĂ©rents acteurs qui se sont organisĂ©s pour faire exister et dĂ©velopper ce secteur d’activitĂ©. L’enquĂȘte montre que l’institutionnalisation du financement participatif en France rĂ©sulte d’une action collective impliquant des professionnels du secteur, des reprĂ©sentants des pouvoirs publics, des partenaires de plateformes et des mĂ©dias. Alors que les plateformes dĂ©fendent un modĂšle d’auto-organisation et d’autonomie, il apparaĂźt que le dĂ©veloppement des plateformes n’aurait pas Ă©tĂ© possible sans l’intervention des pouvoirs publics qui ont crĂ©Ă© un cadre juridique favorable au financement participatif, au nom d’une volontĂ© de faire Ă©voluer le rapport des Français Ă  leur Ă©pargne et d’amener ces derniers Ă  contribuer Ă  la santĂ© Ă©conomique des entreprises dans un contexte de crise. L’enquĂȘte montre aussi que par-delĂ  l’extrĂȘme hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des trois modĂšles majoritaires de financement participatif Ă©tudiĂ©s (don/contrepartie, prĂȘt et capital), un effort collectif est fait pour mettre en valeur les points communs et gommer l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des secteurs concernĂ©s (d’un cĂŽtĂ© le monde de la crĂ©ation culturelle, de l’autre le monde de la finance). Les plateformes, en tant que dispositifs socio-techniques, cherchent Ă  se prĂ©senter comme des instruments neutres qui favoriseraient un appariement naturel entre des demandeurs de fonds et des financeurs. Cette recherche montre au contraire que l’essor de ce modĂšle de financement est le fruit d’un travail marchand menĂ© par les professionnels du secteur pour recruter deux types d’usagers sur leur plateforme : des demandeurs de fonds d’un cĂŽtĂ© et des financeurs de l’autre. L’enquĂȘte montre les arbitrages opĂ©rĂ©s par les plateformes entre une logique de volume et une logique de qualitĂ©. Pour rĂ©duire le risque, les plateformes mettent en place des systĂšmes de qualification et de sĂ©lection des projets, souvent importĂ©s de la finance traditionnelle, qui entrent en contradiction avec les discours de dĂ©mocratisation de l’accĂšs au financement. Dans leurs efforts de dĂ©veloppement, elles cherchent aussi Ă  nouer des relations avec les acteurs traditionnels du monde de la finance. Ce faisant elles rĂ©introduisent de nouveaux intermĂ©diaires qui viennent complexifier la relation entre demandeurs de fonds et financeurs

    La construction sociale du marché du financement participatif en France

    No full text
    Since the end of the 2000s, crowdfunding platforms have been developing in France with the promise of a direct and disintermediated relationship between project owners and funders, facilitating access to funds for project owners and allowing French Internet users to fund projects of their choice. This PhD dissertation studies this phenomenon by combining ethnographic observation and interviews with various actors who have participated in the development of this activity. The research shows that the institutionalization of crowdfunding in France stems from a collective action involving industry professionals, representatives of public authorities, platform partners, and the media. While platforms defend a model of self-organization and autonomy, it appears that their development would not have been possible without the intervention of public authorities, who have created a favorable legal framework to crowdfunding, in order to change the relationship of the French population with its savings and to encourage the contribution to the economic health of new firms in a context of crisis. The study also shows that, despite the extreme heterogeneity of the three majority crowdfunding models studied (reward-based, lending-based, and equity-based), there is a collective effort to highlight common characteristics and to blur the heterogeneity of the sectors (on the one hand the world of cultural creation, on the other the world of finance). Platforms, as socio-technical devices, seek to present themselves as neutral instruments that favor a natural match between fund seekers and funders. This research shows that actually the growth of this financing model is the result of a market labor carried out by professionals in the sector to bring two types of users on their platform: the fund-seekers on one side and the funders on the other. The research also shows that the platforms strategic decisions try to balance out quantity and quality of projects. To reduce risks, platforms put in place qualification and project selection processes, often imported from traditional finance - contradicting the idea of democratization of access to funding. In their development efforts, they also seek to build relationships with traditional players from the world of finance. In doing so, they reintroduce new intermediaries that complicate the relationship between fund-seekers and funders.Depuis la fin des annĂ©es 2000, les plateformes de financement participatif se dĂ©veloppent en France avec la promesse d’une relation directe, dĂ©sintermĂ©diĂ©e, entre demandeurs de financement et financeurs, en facilitant l’accĂšs aux fonds pour des porteurs de projet et en permettant aux Français de financer les projets de leur choix. Cette thĂšse vise Ă  Ă©tudier ce phĂ©nomĂšne Ă  partir d’une enquĂȘte combinant observation ethnographique et entretiens menĂ©s auprĂšs des diffĂ©rents acteurs qui se sont organisĂ©s pour faire exister et dĂ©velopper ce secteur d’activitĂ©. L’enquĂȘte montre que l’institutionnalisation du financement participatif en France rĂ©sulte d’une action collective impliquant des professionnels du secteur, des reprĂ©sentants des pouvoirs publics, des partenaires de plateformes et des mĂ©dias. Alors que les plateformes dĂ©fendent un modĂšle d’auto-organisation et d’autonomie, il apparaĂźt que le dĂ©veloppement des plateformes n’aurait pas Ă©tĂ© possible sans l’intervention des pouvoirs publics qui ont crĂ©Ă© un cadre juridique favorable au financement participatif, au nom d’une volontĂ© de faire Ă©voluer le rapport des Français Ă  leur Ă©pargne et d’amener ces derniers Ă  contribuer Ă  la santĂ© Ă©conomique des entreprises dans un contexte de crise. L’enquĂȘte montre aussi que par-delĂ  l’extrĂȘme hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des trois modĂšles majoritaires de financement participatif Ă©tudiĂ©s (don/contrepartie, prĂȘt et capital), un effort collectif est fait pour mettre en valeur les points communs et gommer l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des secteurs concernĂ©s (d’un cĂŽtĂ© le monde de la crĂ©ation culturelle, de l’autre le monde de la finance). Les plateformes, en tant que dispositifs socio-techniques, cherchent Ă  se prĂ©senter comme des instruments neutres qui favoriseraient un appariement naturel entre des demandeurs de fonds et des financeurs. Cette recherche montre au contraire que l’essor de ce modĂšle de financement est le fruit d’un travail marchand menĂ© par les professionnels du secteur pour recruter deux types d’usagers sur leur plateforme : des demandeurs de fonds d’un cĂŽtĂ© et des financeurs de l’autre. L’enquĂȘte montre les arbitrages opĂ©rĂ©s par les plateformes entre une logique de volume et une logique de qualitĂ©. Pour rĂ©duire le risque, les plateformes mettent en place des systĂšmes de qualification et de sĂ©lection des projets, souvent importĂ©s de la finance traditionnelle, qui entrent en contradiction avec les discours de dĂ©mocratisation de l’accĂšs au financement. Dans leurs efforts de dĂ©veloppement, elles cherchent aussi Ă  nouer des relations avec les acteurs traditionnels du monde de la finance. Ce faisant elles rĂ©introduisent de nouveaux intermĂ©diaires qui viennent complexifier la relation entre demandeurs de fonds et financeurs

    La construction sociale du marché du financement participatif en France

    No full text
    Since the end of the 2000s, crowdfunding platforms have been developing in France with the promise of a direct and disintermediated relationship between project owners and funders, facilitating access to funds for project owners and allowing French Internet users to fund projects of their choice. This PhD dissertation studies this phenomenon by combining ethnographic observation and interviews with various actors who have participated in the development of this activity. The research shows that the institutionalization of crowdfunding in France stems from a collective action involving industry professionals, representatives of public authorities, platform partners, and the media. While platforms defend a model of self-organization and autonomy, it appears that their development would not have been possible without the intervention of public authorities, who have created a favorable legal framework to crowdfunding, in order to change the relationship of the French population with its savings and to encourage the contribution to the economic health of new firms in a context of crisis. The study also shows that, despite the extreme heterogeneity of the three majority crowdfunding models studied (reward-based, lending-based, and equity-based), there is a collective effort to highlight common characteristics and to blur the heterogeneity of the sectors (on the one hand the world of cultural creation, on the other the world of finance). Platforms, as socio-technical devices, seek to present themselves as neutral instruments that favor a natural match between fund seekers and funders. This research shows that actually the growth of this financing model is the result of a market labor carried out by professionals in the sector to bring two types of users on their platform: the fund-seekers on one side and the funders on the other. The research also shows that the platforms strategic decisions try to balance out quantity and quality of projects. To reduce risks, platforms put in place qualification and project selection processes, often imported from traditional finance - contradicting the idea of democratization of access to funding. In their development efforts, they also seek to build relationships with traditional players from the world of finance. In doing so, they reintroduce new intermediaries that complicate the relationship between fund-seekers and funders.Depuis la fin des annĂ©es 2000, les plateformes de financement participatif se dĂ©veloppent en France avec la promesse d’une relation directe, dĂ©sintermĂ©diĂ©e, entre demandeurs de financement et financeurs, en facilitant l’accĂšs aux fonds pour des porteurs de projet et en permettant aux Français de financer les projets de leur choix. Cette thĂšse vise Ă  Ă©tudier ce phĂ©nomĂšne Ă  partir d’une enquĂȘte combinant observation ethnographique et entretiens menĂ©s auprĂšs des diffĂ©rents acteurs qui se sont organisĂ©s pour faire exister et dĂ©velopper ce secteur d’activitĂ©. L’enquĂȘte montre que l’institutionnalisation du financement participatif en France rĂ©sulte d’une action collective impliquant des professionnels du secteur, des reprĂ©sentants des pouvoirs publics, des partenaires de plateformes et des mĂ©dias. Alors que les plateformes dĂ©fendent un modĂšle d’auto-organisation et d’autonomie, il apparaĂźt que le dĂ©veloppement des plateformes n’aurait pas Ă©tĂ© possible sans l’intervention des pouvoirs publics qui ont crĂ©Ă© un cadre juridique favorable au financement participatif, au nom d’une volontĂ© de faire Ă©voluer le rapport des Français Ă  leur Ă©pargne et d’amener ces derniers Ă  contribuer Ă  la santĂ© Ă©conomique des entreprises dans un contexte de crise. L’enquĂȘte montre aussi que par-delĂ  l’extrĂȘme hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des trois modĂšles majoritaires de financement participatif Ă©tudiĂ©s (don/contrepartie, prĂȘt et capital), un effort collectif est fait pour mettre en valeur les points communs et gommer l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des secteurs concernĂ©s (d’un cĂŽtĂ© le monde de la crĂ©ation culturelle, de l’autre le monde de la finance). Les plateformes, en tant que dispositifs socio-techniques, cherchent Ă  se prĂ©senter comme des instruments neutres qui favoriseraient un appariement naturel entre des demandeurs de fonds et des financeurs. Cette recherche montre au contraire que l’essor de ce modĂšle de financement est le fruit d’un travail marchand menĂ© par les professionnels du secteur pour recruter deux types d’usagers sur leur plateforme : des demandeurs de fonds d’un cĂŽtĂ© et des financeurs de l’autre. L’enquĂȘte montre les arbitrages opĂ©rĂ©s par les plateformes entre une logique de volume et une logique de qualitĂ©. Pour rĂ©duire le risque, les plateformes mettent en place des systĂšmes de qualification et de sĂ©lection des projets, souvent importĂ©s de la finance traditionnelle, qui entrent en contradiction avec les discours de dĂ©mocratisation de l’accĂšs au financement. Dans leurs efforts de dĂ©veloppement, elles cherchent aussi Ă  nouer des relations avec les acteurs traditionnels du monde de la finance. Ce faisant elles rĂ©introduisent de nouveaux intermĂ©diaires qui viennent complexifier la relation entre demandeurs de fonds et financeurs
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