Mosquitos in the municipality of Jelenje

Cilj: Otkriti zastupljenost pojedinih vrsta komaraca te napraviti kartu rasprostranjenostiuzorkovanih legala. Istraživanje je provedeno u svrhu kontrole pojavljivanja zaraznih bolestičiji su vektori komarci. Metode: Prilikom provedbe istraživanja korišteni materijali su:ovipozicijske klopke koje se sastoje od plastične posude i lesonitske letvice, 70 %-tni etanol,staklene bočice, plastične posudice za pohranu uzoraka te aplikacija Map coordinates. Istraživanjeje provedeno postavljanjem ovipozicijskih klopki na 40 lokacija unutar područja OpćineJelenje, uzorkovanjem ličinki i odraslih jedinki komaraca. Rezultati: U razdoblju od travnja dolipnja 2015. godine na području Općine Jelenje na 22 lokacije iz 29 različitih legla prikupljenoje 137 ličinki komaraca. Prikupljeno je ukupno 6 uzoraka odraslih jedinki. Svi determiniraniuzorci pripadaju jednom od navedenih rodova komaraca: Aedes, Anopheles, Culex i Culiseta.Određivanje vrsta prikupljenih uzoraka provedeno je u laboratoriju Nastavnog zavoda za javnozdravstvo Primorsko-goranske županije. Zaključak: Postojeći uvjeti potrebni za razvoj i razmnožavanjete prisutni vektorski potencijal determiniranih komaraca uz eventualnu pojavnostuzročnika mogu imati značajan utjecaj na širenje zaraznih bolesti. Prekomjerna brojnostjedinki komaraca zbog povoljnih životnih uvjeta, kao i zbog povećanih migracija ljudi te transportaroba, postaje sve izraženiji problem za ljudsko zdravlje te je potrebno osvijestiti javnosto važnosti i načinima sprječavanja razmnožavanja i širenja komaraca.Aim: The purpose of this research was to determine abundance of the certainmosquito species and to create distribution chart of the sampled population. Methods: Theresearch was conducted by setting oviposition traps on 40 locations inside the area of theJelenje municipality. Also, larvae and adult mosquitoes were collected. Results: 29 larvaesamples of larvae were collected on 22 locations in a period from April to June 2015, so thetotal number of sampled larvae is 137. Six adult mosquitoes were collected. All determinedspecies belong to one of this genus of mosquitoes: Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Culiseta.Determination of the type of the collected samples was conducted in the laboratory of theTeaching Institute of Public Health Primorsko-goranska County. Conclusion: Existingconditions which are necessary for the development and reproduction, with present vectorpotential of determined mosquitoes and with the possible occurrence of pathogens, canhave a significant impact on the spread of infectious diseases. Excessive number ofmosquitoes, enabled by favoring life conditions and increased migrations and merchandisetransport can become a problem for human health and it is necessary to educate the publicabout importance and ways of suppressing breeding of mosquitoes and their expansion

Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.Peer reviewe

Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains

Stratification strength and light climate explain variation in chlorophyll a at the continental scale in a European multilake survey in a heatwave summer

To determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass, we collected standardized morphometric, physical, and biological data in 230 lakes across the Mediterranean, Continental, and Boreal climatic zones of the European continent. Multilinear regression models tested on this snapshot of mostly eutrophic lakes (median total phosphorus [TP] = 0.06 and total nitrogen [TN] = 0.7 mg L-1), and its subsets (2 depth types and 3 climatic zones), show that light climate and stratification strength were the most significant explanatory variables for chlorophyll a (Chl a) variance. TN was a significant predictor for phytoplankton biomass for shallow and continental lakes, while TP never appeared as an explanatory variable, suggesting that under high TP, light, which partially controls stratification strength, becomes limiting for phytoplankton development. Mediterranean lakes were the warmest yet most weakly stratified and had significantly less Chl a than Boreal lakes, where the temperature anomaly from the long-term average, during a summer heatwave was the highest (+4 degrees C) and showed a significant, exponential relationship with stratification strength. This European survey represents a summer snapshot of phytoplankton biomass and its drivers, and lends support that light and stratification metrics, which are both affected by climate change, are better predictors for phytoplankton biomass in nutrient-rich lakes than nutrient concentrations and surface temperature.Peer reviewe

Stratification strength and light climate explain variation in chlorophyll a at the continental scale in a European multilake survey in a heatwave summer

To determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass, we collected standardized morphometric, physical, and biological data in 230 lakes across the Mediterranean, Continental, and Boreal climatic zones of the European continent. Multilinear regression models tested on this snapshot of mostly eutrophic lakes (median total phosphorus [TP] = 0.06 and total nitrogen [TN] = 0.7 mg L−1), and its subsets (2 depth types and 3 climatic zones), show that light climate and stratification strength were the most significant explanatory variables for chlorophyll a (Chl a) variance. TN was a significant predictor for phytoplankton biomass for shallow and continental lakes, while TP never appeared as an explanatory variable, suggesting that under high TP, light, which partially controls stratification strength, becomes limiting for phytoplankton development. Mediterranean lakes were the warmest yet most weakly stratified and had significantly less Chl a than Boreal lakes, where the temperature anomaly from the long-term average, during a summer heatwave was the highest (+4°C) and showed a significant, exponential relationship with stratification strength. This European survey represents a summer snapshot of phytoplankton biomass and its drivers, and lends support that light and stratification metrics, which are both affected by climate change, are better predictors for phytoplankton biomass in nutrient-rich lakes than nutrient concentrations and surface temperature