Efek SuctionMelalui Catheter Mouth Terhadap Saturasi Oksigen Pasien Cedera Kepala

The intervention of endotracheal suction to patients with the severe head injury may have effected to oxygen desaturation in arteries. The oxygen desaturation process could be impacted to increase the intracranial pressure, brain's swelling, hypoxemia systemic, and deaths. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the oxygen supply via oral catheterization in the suction process to the oxygen saturation level in the patient with the severe head injury who using ventilator. This research has been conducted in the intensive care unit. This study was applied the quasi experiment design using pre and post-test. Samples were chosen using accidental sampling. There were two groups of samples, the first group was the intervention group with 20 respondents using oral catheterization, and the second group was the control group with 20 respondents. The result showed that the oxygen saturation was reduced with t value (-16.538) < t table (-2.024), and p value (0.000) < 0.05. The oxygen saturation was significantly different between two groups. This study could be an evidence that nurses should enhance their services to reduce the risk of decreasing the oxygen saturation in the severe head injury patient who using ventilator

Association of &#946;-fibrinogen promoter gene polymorphism (148C/T), hyperfibrinogenemia and ischemic stroke in young adult patients

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 148C/T which is located in β fibrinogen gene (FGB) promoter has correlation with fibrinogen levels; however, the association of SNP 148C/T and ischemic stroke in young adult patients is contradictory.Aim: To determine the association of SNP 148C/T in FGB promoter with plasma fibrinogen levels and ischemic stroke in young adults.Subjects and methods: In this case-control study, SNP 148C/T among 107 ischemic stroke patients and 94 controls were evaluated by PCR-RFLP with restriction enzyme HindIII and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Physical and neurological examinations, brain computed tomography, plasma fibrinogen levels and blood biochemistry tests were assessed within seven days after the onset of symptoms. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies were analyzed by chi-squared test.Results: This study found that the level of fibrinogen was significantly higher in ischemic stroke group than control (419.2 mg/dL vs. 351.1 mg/dL, p&lt;0.000) and the level of fibrinogen associated with ischemic stroke (OR, 2.28; 95%CI, 1.28–4.07, p= 0.005). Mutant genotypes (CT and TT) and T allele had a significant association with hyperfibrinogenemia (OR, 2.58; 95%CI, 1.39–4.76 and OR, 1.6; 95%CI, 1.60–2.41, respectively) and ischemic stroke (OR, 2.46; 95%CI, 1.37–4.41 and OR, 1.80; 95%CI 1.19–2.73, respectively). In addition, analysis adjusted for other risk factors found that mutant genotypes correlated with hyperfibrinogenemia and ischemic stroke (OR, 2.27; 95%CI, 1.21–4.25 and OR, 2.16; 95%CI, 1.19–3.94, respectively).Conclusion: There was a significant association between SNP 148C/T and fibrinogen levels, SNP 148C/T and ischemic stroke, and fibrinogen levels and ischemic stroke.Keywords: Ischemic stroke; Fibrinogen; Hyperfibrinogenemia; 148C/T FGB polymorphism; rs1800787

Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)—Iron Review

This is the fifth in the series of reviews developed as part of the Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) program. The BOND Iron Expert Panel (I-EP) reviewed the extant knowledge regarding iron biology, public health implications, and the relative usefulness of currently available biomarkers of iron status from deficiency to overload. Approaches to assessing intake, including bioavailability, are also covered. The report also covers technical and laboratory considerations for the use of available biomarkers of iron status, and concludes with a description of research priorities along with a brief discussion of new biomarkers with potential for use across the spectrum of activities related to the study of iron in human health. The I-EP concluded that current iron biomarkers are reliable for accurately assessing many aspects of iron nutrition. However, a clear distinction is made between the relative strengths of biomarkers to assess hematological consequences of iron deficiency versus other putative functional outcomes, particularly the relationship between maternal and fetal iron status during pregnancy, birth outcomes, and infant cognitive, motor and emotional development. The I-EP also highlighted the importance of considering the confounding effects of inflammation and infection on the interpretation of iron biomarker results, as well as the impact of life stage. Finally, alternative approaches to the evaluation of the risk for nutritional iron overload at the population level are presented, because the currently designated upper limits for the biomarker generally employed (serum ferritin) may not differentiate between true iron overload and the effects of subclinical inflammation

The effect of a micronutrient powder home fortification program on anemia and cognitive outcomes among young children in rural China: a cluster randomized trial

Abstract Background Anemia early in life has been associated with delayed cognitive and motor development. The WHO recommends home fortification using multiple micronutrient powders (MNPs) containing iron as a strategy to address anemia in children under two. We evaluated the effects of a program freely distributing MNP sachets to caregivers of infants in rural China. Methods We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Shaanxi province, enrolling all children aged 6–11 months in target villages. Following a baseline survey, investigators randomly assigned each village/cluster to a control or treatment group. In the treatment group, caregivers were instructed to give MNPs daily. Follow-up was after 6, 12, and 18 months of intervention. Primary outcomes were hemoglobin concentrations and scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Results One thousand, eight hundred and-two eligible children and their caregivers were enrolled. At baseline 48% (870) of children were anemic and 29% (529) were developmentally delayed. Six hundred and-ten children (117 villages) were assigned to the control group and 1192 children (234 villages) were assigned to the treatment group. Assignment to the treatment group was associated with an improvement in hemoglobin levels (marginal effect 1.77 g/L, 95% CI 0.017–3.520, p-value = 0.048) and cognitive development (marginal effect 2.23 points, 95% CI 0.061–4.399, p-value = 0.044) after 6 months but not thereafter. There were no significant effects on motor development. Zero effects after the first 6 months were not due to low compliance, low statistical power, or changes in feeding behavior. Hemoglobin concentrations improved in both the treatment and control groups over the course of the study; however, 22% (325) of children remained anemic at endline, and 48% (721) were cognitively delayed. Conclusions Providing caregivers with MNP sachets modestly hastened improvement in hemoglobin levels that was occurring absent intervention; however, this improvement did not translate into improved developmental outcomes at endline. Trial registration ISRCTN44149146 ; prospectively registered on 15th April 2013

An Ethnographic Study of Communication with HIV-infected Children at Rumah Cemara

This study examines the ethnography studies of communication with HIV-infected children at Rumah Cemara Bandung by reviewing the elements of communication components. This research uses a qualitative approach with an ethnographic type of communication study. The research subjects were children infected with HIV in Bandung who was selected using the purposive method. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, document analysis, and literature study. The results revealed that the genre in the communication component of children infected with HIV at Rumah Cemara was seen in the delivery of problems, namely the presence of viral infections in children. The setting that occurs in the communication component is carried out at the child's home/residence and Rumah Cemara as a community location and Klinik Teratai, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung. Children use Indonesian and Sundanese as their daily languages. All HIV-infected children are infected with the virus because it is transmitted from their parents, namely the mother, and the mother is infected with HIV from her husband. Conversations that are usually carried out by informants when meeting at Klinik Teratai, Rumah Cemara, and at home are usually related to conditions of health development, children's adherence to taking anti-retroviral drugs, and mental and social development of children with messages of mutual encouragement and support as well as instilling a sense of optimism. Psychologically among People With HIV/AIDS (ODHA). The non-verbal language that children do in the form of silence; smiles; a nod of the head; shaking of the head, and laughing out loud

Height, weight and haemoglobin status of 6 to 59-month-old Kazakh children living in Kzyl-Orda region, Kazakhstan.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of stunting, wasting and anaemia among children aged 6-59 months in the Kzyl-Orda region of Kazakhstan, and to determine the association between childhood height and haemoglobin concentration and a range of environmental and biological factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using a randomly selected sample. The mothers of children were interviewed, and finger-prick blood samples and anthropometric measurements were collected on both mothers and their children. Associations between haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, anthropometric measurements and questionnaire data were evaluated by multivariate analysis. SETTING: Health centres in Kazalinsk, Djalagash and Zhanakorgan districts of Kzyl-Orda region, Kazakhstan. SUBJECTS: Two-thousand and twenty-four children aged between 6 and 59 months born to 1501 mothers who were randomly selected from health centre records. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of stunting (<-2.0 Z-scores height for age), wasting (<-2.0 Z-scores weight for height) and anaemia (Hb<11.0 g/dl) in the study children was found to be 15.8, 0.8 and 50.1%, respectively. However, analysis demonstrated considerable variation by age, with the second year of life showing the highest prevalence of both stunting and anaemia. Both childhood height and haemoglobin concentration were found to be significantly associated with a range of environmental and maternal variables. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the prevalence of both stunting and anaemia among Kazakh children in the Kzyl-Orda region is considerable, and similar to that of other Central Asian children. These findings highlight Central Asia as a region with levels of childhood nutritional status that are of concern. SPONSORSHIP: Funding was provided by the United States Agency for International Development, Office of Nutrition, the United Kingdom Department for International Development, and the Polden-Puckham Trust