Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae – erysipelas hos svin

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae är en stavformad, grampositiv och fakultativt anaerob bakterie. Den förekommer i hela världen och kan ge upphov till erysipelas hos svin men kan även drabba andra djur och infektera människor. Denna litteraturstudie inriktar sig på gris och har som syfte att belysa spridning av bakterien, virulensfaktorer, kliniska symtom och patogenes för sjukdomen erysipelas. Förebyggande åtgärder, behandling och bakterien ur en zoonotisk synvinkel kommer även att diskuteras. Upp till 50 % av alla friska grisar är bärare av bakterien och subkliniskt infekterade grisar är de främsta reservoarerna. Bakterierna finns framför allt i tonsillvävnad och i annan lymfoid vävnad. Spridning av bakterien sker via faeces, urin, saliv och nässekret som sedan kan kontaminera miljön vilket leder till en indirekt smittspridning. Det finns olika virulensfaktorer hos bakterien som gör att den leder till sjukdom hos djuren. Kapseln hindrar fagocytos av neutrofiler och makofager samt möjliggör intracellulär replikation. Enzymen neuraminidas och hyaluronidas är viktiga virulensfaktorer, liksom adhesiva ytproteiner som bidrar till bildning av biofilm. Hos gris kan bakterien ge upphov till tre former av sjukdomen erysipelas, som även kallas rödsjuka. Det finns en akut, en subakut och en kronisk form och dessa typer kan leda till septikemi, utslag i huden, kronisk artrit och kronisk endokardit. Dräktiga hondjur kan även abortera vid en infektion. För att diagnosticera bakterierna används vanligen PCR eller immunohistokemi. Serologiska metoder används inte då det är en vanlig omgivningsbakterie och många grisar har därför antikroppstitrar utan att vara sjuka. Förebyggande åtgärder är viktiga för att hindra utveckling av rödsjuka och en bra hygien och vaccinering är det som är mest effektivt. Maternella antikroppar skyddar grisar som är yngre än tre månader och därför har immunstatus hos modern och upptag av råmjölk betydelse. Det finns både levande och avdödat vaccin ute på marknaden. Vaccinering av rödsjuka ingår i vaccinationsprogrammet för avelsdjur i Sverige och det är avdödat vaccin som används. Hos människa kan bakterien ge upphov till tre kliniska typer av sjukdom där en lokal kutan form är den vanligaste och kallas erysipeloid. Infektionen är ofta yrkesrelaterad eftersom det krävs en skada i huden av infekterade föremål eller att redan befintliga småsår i huden blir kontaminerade av bakterier. Det uppstår en lokal cellulit som associeras med kraftig smärta vanligen på händer och fingrar. Behandling av kutan form anses oftast inte vara nödvändig eftersom den brukar självläka inom tre till fyra veckor. Erysipelas är en ekonomiskt viktigt sjukdom hos gris som dessutom kan drabba människor, vilket gör att det är en bakterie som vi bör ta på allvar och se till att förebyggande åtgärder sätts in vilket hindrar spridning av bakterien.Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobe and rod-shaped bacterium. It has a worldwide distribution and causes swine erysipelas. The bacteria can also affect other animals and humans. This review focus on pigs and the purpose is to illustrate the distribution of the bacteria, virulence factors, clinical signs and the pathogenesis of the disease erysipelas. Prevention, control, treatment and the zoonotic aspect will be discussed. Approximately 50 % of all healthy pigs are carriers of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and the subclinically infected pigs are the main reservoir of infection. The pigs harbour the bacteria in their tonsils and other lymphoid tissues. The affected pigs excrete the bacteria in faeces, urine, saliva and in oronasal secretions which can contaminate the environment and leads to an indirect spread of the infection. Different virulence factors causes disease in animals. The capsule protects the bacteria against phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages and makes intracellular replication possible. The enzymes neuraminidase and hyaluronidase are important virulence factors, as well as adhesive surface proteins that also enhance biofilm formation. Erysipelas can occur in three different clinical forms: acute, subacute and chronic. Septicaemia, diamond-shaped lesions, chronic arthritis and vegetative valvular endocarditis are different clinical signs that may appear. Pregnant sows may abort if infected. PCR and immunohistochemistry are techniques used for diagnosis. Because the bacteria is a common opportunist in healthy pigs, serological tests are not useful. Pigs have an antibody response against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae even if they not are sick. Hygiene and vaccination routines are essential to prevent the development of erysipelas. Due to the maternally-derived antibodies, pigs younger than three months are protected. The immune status of the sow and the uptake of colostrum are important. There is both live and inactivated vaccine available. The inactivated vaccine is used in Sweden and vaccination of erysipelas are included in the vaccination program. The bacteria can cause three clinical forms in humans, with a local cutaneous form known as erysipeloid being the most common. Infections are usually occupation-related since they are caused by either damage to the skin by infected materials, or via contamination of an already existent wound. A local cellulitis occurs which is associated with severe pain commonly on the hands and fingers. Treatment of cutaneous forms is usually considered not to be necessary as they usually heals within three to four weeks. Erysipelas is a disease in pigs of great economic importance, as well as a zoonosis, making it an important disease, worth taking seriously. Preventive measures to stop the spread of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in pigs is of major importance

Caesarean section in cattle and sheep in Sweden

Vid dystoki är kejsarsnitt en behandlingsmetod som är användbar och i en del länder utförs ingreppet rutinmässigt. I ett examensarbete som publicerades 2010 av Jenny Eriksson studerades indikation, frekvens och utförande av kejsarsnitt på nötkreatur i Sverige år 2008. Denna information saknades när det gäller djurslaget får. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka omfattning, indikation och utförande av kejsarsnitt på får samt utföra en uppföljande studie på nötkreatur. Målet var även att undersöka efterfrågan samt synpunkter avseende ingreppet hos fårägare i Sverige. Två enkäter med 18 respektive 14 frågor skickades ut via mejl till veterinärer verksamma med nöt-och fårpraktik samt till fårbesättningar anslutna till Gård & Djurhälsan. Enkäterna lades även ut i två grupper på Facebook. Antalet veterinärenkäter som besvarades var 254, vilket gav en svarsfrekvens på 37 %. Totalt besvarades 489 enkäter av fårägare. Det var många fårägare som valde att lämna kommentarer på frågorna, vilket kan tolkas som att ämnet engagerar fårägarna. Resultaten från enkäterna visar att antalet kejsarsnitt som utförs i Sverige är fler än vad som rapporteras in till Statens Jordbruksverk (SJV). Enkäterna visar även att ett fåtal veterinärer utför större delen av ingreppen. Kejsarsnitt på får verkar inte vara en metod som används mycket i fält i Sverige då endast ett kejsarsnitt rapporterats in till SJV under det senaste året, och tio kejsarsnitt utfördes av veterinärer senaste 12 månaderna enligt enkäten. Den främsta anledningen till att fårägare inte vill ha ett kejsarsnitt utfört är kostnaden för ingreppet medan vanligaste orsaken till att veterinärer inte utför kejsarsnitt är otillräcklig kunskap eller erfarenhet. Ett flertal kommentarer på båda enkäterna visar att veterinärer och fårägare lägger stor vikt på avelsåtgärder som att försöka avla på lätta förlossningar för att minimera risk för dystoki. Samtidigt kan kejsarsnitt ersätta långdragna förlossningar och därmed minskar djurens lidande.In case of dystocia, caesarean section is a treatment that can be useful and in some countries, it is performed routinely in cattle. A master thesis published in 2010 by Jenny Eriksson examined indication, frequency and performance of caesarean section in cattle in Sweden year 2008. This information is not available in sheep in Sweden. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent, indication, frequency and performance of caesarean section in sheep and do a follow-up study in cattle. The purpose was also to investigate the request for caesarean section by sheep farmers in Sweden. Two questionnaires consisted of 18 and 14 questions respectively, were sent by email to veterinarians working with cattle and sheep in Sweden and to sheep farmers, members of Farm and Animal Health. The questionnaires were also shared in two groups on Facebook. Two hundred fifty-four questionnaires from veterinarians were answered, resulting in a response rate of 37%. A total of 489 sheep farmers responded to the questionnaires. There were several comments from the sheep farmers, which can be interpreted as an issue that concerns them. The results in the surveys showed that the number of caesarean sections performed in Sweden was higher than reported to the Swedish Board of Agriculture (SJV). A few veterinarians perform the majority of the caesarean sections. Caesarean section in sheep seems rare in Sweden, only one was reported last year to SJV, and ten were performed by veterinarians during the last 12 months according to our survey. The main reason why sheep farmers do not want a caesarean section is the cost of the surgery while the most common reason among veterinarians not to perform a caesarean section were insufficient surgical skills or experience. Comments in both surveys shows that veterinarians and sheep farmers are aware of breeding goals such as breeding for easy deliveries to minimize the risk of dystocia. However, a caesarean section can replace long-term delivery, which reduces animal suffering

The political determinants of housing benefits

Housing benefits differ substantially across countries. In this paper, we apply power resource theory, developed primarily in relation to the emergence and subsequent expansion of social citizenship, to housing policy. The purpose is to analyse the political determinants of housing benefits, and particularly the role of left parties and the partisan mobilization of labour. The empirical analyses are based on new housing benefit data for 31 affluent democracies from the period 2001-2018. The results of a series of fixed effects pooled time-series regressions show that the strength of left government is positively associated with the size of housing benefits. However, the positive influence of left cabinets is conditional on the relative size of rental housing and the fractionalization of the party system. Our findings highlight the need to combine actor-oriented explanations of the welfare state with theories about the corporatist power structures of society

Pitx1 enhancer variants in spined and spine-reduced Subarctic European sticklebacks

publishedVersio

Effect of Re-impacting Debris on the Solidification of the Lunar Magma Ocean

Anorthosites that comprise the bulk of the lunar crust are believed to have formed during solidification of a Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) in which these rocks would have floated to the surface. This early flotation crust would have formed a thermal blanket over the remaining LMO, prolonging solidification. Geochronology of lunar anorthosites indicates a long timescale of LMO cooling, or re-melting and re-crystallization in one or more late events. To better interpret this geochronology, we model LMO solidification in a scenario where the Moon is being continuously bombarded by returning projectiles released from the Moon-forming giant impact. More than one lunar mass of material escaped the Earth-Moon system onto heliocentric orbits following the giant impact, much of it to come back on returning orbits for a period of 100 Myr. If large enough, these projectiles would have punctured holes in the nascent floatation crust of the Moon, exposing the LMO to space and causing more rapid cooling. We model these scenarios using a thermal evolution model of the Moon that allows for production (by cratering) and evolution (solidification and infill) of holes in the flotation crust that insulates the LMO. For effective hole production, solidification of the magma ocean can be significantly expedited, decreasing the cooling time by more than a factor of 5. If hole production is inefficient, but shock conversion of projectile kinetic energy to thermal energy is efficient, then LMO solidification can be somewhat prolonged, lengthening the cooling time by 50% or more

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London