BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE AT THREE SITES ON THE TIGRIS RIVER, IRAQ

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted from November 2021 to May 2022 at the three study sites within the Baghdad governorate. The study aims to identify the impact of human activities on the Tigris River, so an area free of human activities was chosen and represented the first site. A total of 48 types were diagnosed, 6204 ind/m3 spread over three sites. The following environmental indicators were evaluated: Constancy Index (S), Relative abundance index (Ra), Richness Index (between 17.995 and 23.251), Shannon Weiner Index (0.48-1.25 bit/ind.), Uniformity Index (0.124 -0.323). The study showed that the highest percentage recorded was for the phylum Annileda 34%; and the stability index shows that taxes (Stylaria sp., Aoelosoma sp., Branchinra sowerby, Chrironomidae sp.) found by 100%, the relative abundance index show that Taxes (Seinura sp. 46% in site 2)(Other nematodes - 43% in site 3; and42% in site 1),(Physa sp. 41% in site 1). The physical and chemical factors were measured BOD between (4.4- 1 mg L-1), DO (10.3-8.3 mg L-1), E.C (893-532 ‰), NO3 (3.12-1 mg L-1), O.M (4.76-1 %), pH (6.8-7.5), PO4 (0.39-0.1 mg L-1), S (0.340-0.571 %), T.H. (321-489 mg L-1), TDS (450-276 mg L-1), Turb (6.3-3.4 mg L-1), C.W. (0.97-0.51 m sec-1), W.T. (13-7 D°). Keywords: environmental monitoring; water quality; aquatic macroinvertebrates.   Invertebrados bentônicos em três locais do Rio Tigres, Bagdá, Iraque   RESUMO: O estudo foi realizado de novembro de 2021 a maio de 2022, em três locais na província de Bagdá, objetivando identificar o impacto das atividades humanas no Rio Tigre; nesse caso, foi escolhida uma área livre de atividades humanas – representando o ponto de coleta 1. Foram diagnosticados 48 tipos, 6.204 ind/m3 distribuídos em três locais. Foram avaliados os seguintes indicadores ambientais: índice de constância (S), Índice de Abundância Relativa (Ra), Índice de Riqueza entre (17.995-23.251), Shannon Weiner Índice (0,48-1,25 bit/ind.), índice de uniformidade (0,124 -0,323) e índice de estabilidade. O estudo mostrou que o maior percentual registrado foi para o filo Annileda 34%; e o índice de estabilidade mostra que os macroinvertebrados  (Stylaria sp., Aoelosoma sp., Branchinra sowerby, Chrironomidae sp.) encontrados em 100%, o índice de abundância relativa mostra que os impostos (Seinura sp. 46%, no local 2) (Outros nematóides - 43 % no local 3; e 42% no local 1),(Physa sp. 41% no local 1). Os fatores físicos e químicos medidos apresentaram os seguintes resultados: BOD entre (4.4- 1 mg L-1), DO (10.3-8.3 mg L-1), E.C (893-532 ‰), NO3 (3.12-1 mg L-1), O.M (4.76-1 %), pH (6.8-7.5), PO4 (0.39-0.1 mg L-1), S (0.340-0.571 %), T.H. (321-489 mg L-1), TDS (450-276 mg L-1), Turb (6.3-3.4 mg L-1), C.W. (0.97-0.51 m sec-1), W.T. (13-7 D°). Palavras-chave:  monitoramento ambiental; qualidade da água; macroinvertebraABSTRACT: The study was conducted from November 2021 to May 2022 at the three study sites within the Baghdad governorate. The study aims to identify the impact of human activities on the Tigris River, so an area free of human activities was chosen and represented the first site. A total of 48 types were diagnosed, 6204 ind/m3 spread over three sites. The following environmental indicators were evaluated: Constancy Index (S), Relative abundance index (Ra), Richness Index (between 17.995 and 23.251), Shannon Weiner Index (0.48-1.25 bit/ind.), Uniformity Index (0.124 -0.323). The study showed that the highest percentage recorded was for the phylum Annileda 34%; and the stability index shows that taxes (Stylaria sp., Aoelosoma sp., Branchinra sowerby, Chrironomidae sp.) found by 100%, the relative abundance index show that Taxes (Seinura sp. 46% in site 2)(Other nematodes - 43% in site 3; and42% in site 1),(Physa sp. 41% in site 1). The physical and chemical factors were measured BOD between (4.4- 1 mg L-1), DO (10.3-8.3 mg L-1), E.C (893-532 ‰), NO3 (3.12-1 mg L-1), O.M (4.76-1 %), pH (6.8-7.5), PO4 (0.39-0.1 mg L-1), S (0.340-0.571 %), T.H. (321-489 mg L-1), TDS (450-276 mg L-1), Turb (6.3-3.4 mg L-1), C.W. (0.97-0.51 m sec-1), W.T. (13-7 D°). Keywords: environmental monitoring; water quality; aquatic macroinvertebrates.   Invertebrados bentônicos em três locais do Rio Tigres, Bagdá, Iraque   RESUMO: O estudo foi realizado de novembro de 2021 a maio de 2022, em três locais na província de Bagdá, objetivando identificar o impacto das atividades humanas no Rio Tigre; nesse caso, foi escolhida uma área livre de atividades humanas – representando o ponto de coleta 1. Foram diagnosticados 48 tipos, 6.204 ind/m3 distribuídos em três locais. Foram avaliados os seguintes indicadores ambientais: índice de constância (S), Índice de Abundância Relativa (Ra), Índice de Riqueza entre (17.995-23.251), Shannon Weiner Índice (0,48-1,25 bit/ind.), índice de uniformidade (0,124 -0,323) e índice de estabilidade. O estudo mostrou que o maior percentual registrado foi para o filo Annileda 34%; e o índice de estabilidade mostra que os macroinvertebrados  (Stylaria sp., Aoelosoma sp., Branchinra sowerby, Chrironomidae sp.) encontrados em 100%, o índice de abundância relativa mostra que os impostos (Seinura sp. 46%, no local 2) (Outros nematóides - 43 % no local 3; e 42% no local 1),(Physa sp. 41% no local 1). Os fatores físicos e químicos medidos apresentaram os seguintes resultados: BOD entre (4.4- 1 mg L-1), DO (10.3-8.3 mg L-1), E.C (893-532 ‰), NO3 (3.12-1 mg L-1), O.M (4.76-1 %), pH (6.8-7.5), PO4 (0.39-0.1 mg L-1), S (0.340-0.571 %), T.H. (321-489 mg L-1), TDS (450-276 mg L-1), Turb (6.3-3.4 mg L-1), C.W. (0.97-0.51 m sec-1), W.T. (13-7 D°). Palavras-chave:  monitoramento ambiental; qualidade da água; macroinvertebrados aquáticos

Synthesis and Characterization of Complexes of Schiff Base [1, 2-Diphenyl -2- 2-{[1-(3-Amino-Phenyl)-Ethylidene]-Hydrazono Methyl}-Phenol] with Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Hg(II) Ions

The new tridentate Schiff base ligand (HL)namely 2-{[1-(3-amino-phenyl)-ethylidene]-hydrazono methyl}-phenol containing (N N O)as donors atoms  was prepared in two steps:Step (1): By the reaction of 3-aminoacetophenone with hydrazine monohydrate under reflux in methanol and drops of glacial acetic acid gave the intermediate compound 3-(1- hydrazono ethyl)-phenol amine.Step (2): By the reaction of 3-(1-hydrazono ethyl)-phenol amine with salicyaldehyde under reflux in methanol, gave the ligand (HL).The prepared ligand was characterized by I.R, U.V-Vis,1H- 13C NMR spectra and melting point and reacted with some metal ions under reflux in methanol with (1:1) ratio gave complexes of the general formula: [MClL]. Where: M= Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Hg(II).Products were found to be solid crystalline complexes, which have been characterized through the following techniques:Molar conductivity .Spectroscopic Method [FTIR and UV-Vis], additional measurement magnetic suspeliblity and  Chloride  content, The magnetic moment coupled with the electronic spectra suggested an  tetrahedral geometry for all the complexes except[ NiClL] is Square-planar.The nature of the complexes formed were studied by Mole Ratio and  the stability constant of the complexes have also been studied. Key words: spectral studies , tridentate Schiff base, 3-aminoacetophenone, hydrazine monohydrate complexe

Immunity in Architecture (Analytical study of the design of the environment surrounding the university buildings as an entry point to achieve the security and safety)

The immunity constitutes a prerequisite to achieving security and feeling of safety, in the lives of the people from risks and disasters which the individual and the society he belongs faced them. Securing human from risks is one of the architecture goals since its existence. By its side the immunity can be matched with durability، which confirmed by Vitruvius as a requirement to achieve a sense of comfort and safety inside the building or the surrounding environment. Also the interactive between the human and the environment surrounding him cannot be verified when there is lacking of security which affects human role in the evolution of society. The research discusses the concept of immunity in the environment which surrounding building ، and the general problem states (absence the clear vision of the immunity concept and the mechanisms to achieve it) down to the aim of research as an analytical study of the environment surrounding the building as general and the university in particular and verification of their immunity which has become an important thing in the last time to protect these buildings and their occupants from possible risks. As a research problem states (absence the clear vision about the concept of immunity and its relationship with the environment surrounding the university). The major hypothesis represented as (the defense levels of surrounding environment of the university buildings make to increase their immunity), when the secondary hypothesizes represented: the first one as (the physical elements around the building make increasing the immunity of those buildings), while the second one as (Building location impacts within the surrounding environment to increase immunity). Finally, the study concluded to the importance of the surrounding environment of buildings and site, which consisted of natural or industrial physical elements to achieve the immunity of those buildings, and the needs of integration between these buildings environment surrounding deliberately

Synthesis and Characterization of 3,5-Dimethyl-2- (4-nitrophenyl azo)-Phenol Complexes with Co(II) and Ni(II) and Study Its Effect on the Activity of Ach Enzyme(invitro)

Transition metal complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) with azo dye 3,5-dimethyl-2-(4-nitrophenylazo)-phenol derived from 4-nitoaniline and 3,5-dimethylphenol were synthesized. Characterization of these compounds has been done on the basis of elemental analysis, electronic data, FT-IR,UV-Vis and 1HNMR, as well as magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. The nature of the complexes formed were studies following the mole ratio and continuous variation methods, Beer's law obeyed over a concentration range (1x10-4- 3x10-4 M). High molar absorbtivity of the complex solutions were observed. From the analytical data, the stoichiomerty of the complexes has been found to be 1:2 (Metal:ligand). On the basis of physicochemical data tetrahedral geometries were assigned for the complexes. The inhibitory effect of prepared compounds was used to study the type of inhibition. The results from line weaver- Burk plot indicated that the inhibitor type was non competitive with a range (31.76-83-21%). Keywords: - spectral studies, complexes, azo dyes, inhibitors

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

The Association of MRI findings in migraine with the headache characteristics and response to treatment

Background: Migraine is associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes as white matter hyper intensities (WMHI), which is interpreted as ischemic in origin, the clinical significance &amp; pathophysiology of these lesions are not well understood. The aim of study: to investigate these lesions and to find the relationships to the character of the headache and the effect on the response to treatment. Methods: a prospective, analytical study was conducted in Mosul city on 100 adult patients who were attending the neurological clinic, all fulfilled the migraine diagnostic criteria according to the Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS), the patients&rsquo; demographics and the clinical characteristics of the headache were evaluated, all patients were examined by MRI, given treatment and followed up for three months. Results: average age was&nbsp; 35.04 years, with the highest prevalence noted at 29-38 years, of all patients 36% were having WMHI in MRI (positive group),while 64% were having normal MRI study (negative group),the average headache frequency was 5.69 attacks /month, average severity was (3.6) according to GAMS (Global assessment of migraine severity), average disability was 14.29 according to migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire (MIDAS), the average duration was 10.63 hours, the mean frequency, severity, disability and duration were all significantly higher in the positive group, compared to the negative groups, and all are significantly reduced after treatment, however (91.3%), of improved cases (n=23) were from the negative group. Conclusion: migraine is associated with WMHI. Patients with WMHI showed a higher frequency, severity, disability as well as longer duration of the headache and a less favorable response to treatment

The Analgesic Effect of Bilateral Quadratus Lumborum Block and its Postoperative Implication On Kidney Function in Colorectal Surgery: A Comparative Randomized Control Trial Study With Epidural Anesthesia

Background: Pain management in major abdominal surgery is an essential clinical task. Epidural analgesia alternatives have become popular; for instance, the quadratus lumborum (QL) block. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the main complications encountered during major surgery. We aimed to assess the postoperative analgesic efficacy of the QL block compared to epidural analgesia as well as the effect on the postoperative kidney functions. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients who underwent colorectal surgery with the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I–III were included and randomized into 2 groups; the study group received QL block (QL group), whereas the control group received epidural analgesia (EP group). Postoperative analgesia was assessed using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS), time to first morphine requirement, and 24-hour morphine consumption. Postoperative renal function was compared with preoperative values using laboratory and renal Doppler indices. Results: The age range was 35 to 65 years with 41 male patients, showing no significant difference between the two groups (P-value = 0.796 for age and 0.781 for sex). There was no significant difference between the QL block and the epidural analgesia regarding postoperative VAS pain score (P-value ranging from 0.066 to 0.869). The morphine analgesia parameters were statistically insignificant between the two groups. Nineteen patients required morphine among the QL group compared to 15 patients among the EP (P-value = 0.297), the mean cumulative dose was almost similar in both groups 3.1±1.2 mg (P-value = 0.973), and first-time use of morphine was 9.5±7.3 hours in the QL group compared to 5.9±6.0 hours in the EP group (P-value = 0.132). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine. However, QL showed significantly lower postoperative values in the renal resistive index (RI) than preoperative values. The mean RI value was 0.61±0.05 preoperatively compared to 0.58±0.05 postoperatively in the QL group (P-value = &lt;0.001) compared to 0.62±0.05 preoperatively and 0.61±0.05 postoperatively in the EP group (P-value = 0.158). Conclusion: QL block produced comparable analgesia with epidural anesthesia and was associated with improved postoperative renal artery flow, reflecting a better kidney performance; QL block may be the choice for patients with borderline kidney function or suspected AKI