Epigraphische Quellen zum Archivwesen in den griechischen Poleis des ausgehenden Hellenismus und der Kaiserzeit

Throughout the history oft he classical and hellenistic Greek polis archives have played an important role in the administration of a city-state. From the 2nd cent. BC on a reorganization both of the structure of the archives as well as the publication of documents registered in archives can be shown. The first part of this paper concerns two fragmented inscriptions from Kos (IG XII 4, 1, 84 and 85) which contain information of a restructuring of the city-archive. Parts II and III concern the manumission inscriptions from Delphi and the grave-inscriptions from imperial Asia Minor. The focus is on the original text handed in at the archive and the question whether the inscriptions give any information on the structure and wording of these deeds

Super-heavy fermion material as metallic refrigerant for adiabatic demagnetization cooling

Low-temperature refrigeration is of crucial importance in fundamental research of condensed matter physics, as the investigations of fascinating quantum phenomena, such as superconductivity, superfluidity and quantum criticality, often require refrigeration down to very low temperatures. Currently, cryogenic refrigerators with $^3$He gas are widely used for cooling below 1 Kelvin. However, usage of the gas is being increasingly difficult due to the current world-wide shortage. Therefore, it is important to consider alternative methods of refrigeration. Here, we show that a new type of refrigerant, super-heavy electron metal, YbCo$_2$Zn$_{20}$, can be used for adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration, which does not require 3He gas. A number of advantages includes much better metallic thermal conductivity compared to the conventional insulating refrigerants. We also demonstrate that the cooling performance is optimized in Yb$_{1-x}$Sc$_x$Co$_2$Zn$_{20}$ by partial Sc substitution with $x\sim$0.19. The substitution induces chemical pressure which drives the materials close to a zero-field quantum critical point. This leads to an additional enhancement of the magnetocaloric effect in low fields and low temperatures enabling final temperatures well below 100 mK. Such performance has up to now been restricted to insulators. Since nearly a century the same principle of using local magnetic moments has been applied for adiabatic demagnetization cooling. This study opens new possibilities of using itinerant magnetic moments for the cryogen-free refrigeration

Bestandsklauseln und Abänderungsverbote: Der Schutz zweckgebundener Gelder in der späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Polis

Beschlüsse der griechischen Volks- oder Ratsversammlungen sowie anderer städtischer Gremien wurden seit dem 5. Jh. v. Chr. regelmäßig durch Bestandsklauseln vor einer Aufhebung oder Abänderung geschützt. Der vorliegende Beitrag zur späthellenistischen und römischen Polis widmet sich diesen Verboten im Bereich der städtischen Finanzverwaltung, wo sie eingesetzt werden, um zweckgebundene Gelder vor missbräuchlicher Verwendung zu bewahren. Diese Maßnahme konnte sowohl für reguläre Budgetposten als auch für Stiftungen angewandt werden, die durch die Polis verwaltet wurden. From the 5th cent. BC on resolutions of Greek popular or assemblies or civic councils as well as other gremia were protected against abolishment or alteration by entrenchment clauses. The following paper focuses on these prohibitions regarding the civic finances in late Hellenistic and Roman poleis, where they were inserted in order to protect money that was bound to a fixed purpose from misuse. This provision is to be found both for the administration of the regular budget as well as for foundations that were held in trust by the city

A.4. The trust fund of Phaenia Aromation (IG V.1 1208) and imperial Gytheion

In the small town of Gytheion in southern Laconia two marble blocks were found, containing the regulations for a trust fund from the year 42 AD (IG V,1 1208; SEG 13,258). The text will be presented with new emendations and an English translation. In my commentary I present the general background of the donor, Phaenia Aromation, and concentrate on a discussion of the juridical problems that the text poses. A detailed analysis of the procedural prescriptions forms the centre of this paper