Vernoil-le-Fourrier – 7 rue de Courléon

Cette fouille intervint dans le cadre du réaménagement du centre bourg. Des bâtiments, dont un logis daté du xve s. ont été détruits afin de permettre la construction de dix logements HLM. Un diagnostic archéologique avait été réalisé en mars 1993. Il s’était avéré que les fondations du xve s. s’appuyaient sur des murs plus anciens, dont l’extension fut alors appréhendée. Notre travail consista à comprendre l’imbrication des structures mises au jour en mars 1993 et à réaliser des sondages sur..

Indices d’exploitation minière protohistorique dans les Vosges du Sud :

Les recherches récentes menées dans les anciennes mines de cuivre moderne du massif alpin (Val Grigna) au nord du Pays de Galles (Pary’s Mountain) au Royaume-Uni, ou encore en Grèce (mine de Thoricos, dans le district du Laurion), ont apporté de nouveaux indices d’exploitations minières antérieures à l’Âge du Fer. En France, dans le massif vosgien, les recherches se sont concentrées sur la mine de cuivre de la Grande Montagne de Château-Lambert. Plusieurs outils de mineurs macrolithiques ont été découverts dans les parties les plus anciennes de la mine. Ces outils, typiques de l’Âge du Bronze, ont été conçus à partir de galets locaux en granite ou en grauwacke. Cette découverte élargit les connaissances sur les premières mines de cuivre dans cette partie du massif vosgien. Elle pose aussi de nouveaux jalons pour une approche méthodologique multiscalaire des premières exploitations métalliques en Europe (5e au 1er millénaire BC).Recent research exploring ancient modern copper mines in the Alps mountains (Valle Camonica), North Wales (Pary’s mountain), Unitited Kingdom, and Greece (Thorikos mine, Laurion district), provides new evidence of Bronze Age mining. In the Vosges Massif in France, the research focused on one of the largest copper mines in the area : the Château-Lambert Great Mountain Mine. On top of the lode, the assemblage of finds from the survey consists of eight macrolithic mining tools found in the oldest part of the mine. These typical Bronze Age mining tools were made using local granite or grauwacke pebbles found in fluvial or glacial sediments. This discovery greatly expands our knowledge of the first copper mining in this part of Europe. It also sets new standards for a multiscale methodological approach to the first metal mines in Europe (5th to 1st millennium BC).Die neueren Untersuchungen in alten Kupferminen in Val Grigna in den Alpen, in Pary‘s Mountain im Norden von Wales in Großbritannien und in Thorikos im Distrikt von Laurion in Griechenland haben neue Informationen zu den voreisenzeitlichen Bergwerken geliefert. In Frankreich konzentrierten sich die Recherchen auf die Kupfermine von la Grande Montagne in Château-Lambert in den Vogesen. In den ältesten Sektoren des Bergwerks wurden mehrere makrolithische Werkzeuge für den Kupferabbau entdeckt. Die typisch bronzezeitlichen Geräte waren aus lokalem Granit oder Grauwacke gefertigt. Diese Entdeckung bereichert unsere Kenntnis der ersten Kupferminen in diesem Teil der Vogesen. Sie setzt auch neue Maßstäbe für eine methodische, auf mehreren Ebenen basierende Betrachtung der ersten Metallgewinnung in Europa (5. bis 1. Jt. v. Chr.)

L’habitat du Néolithique ancien de Fontenay-le-Marmion « Le Grand Champ / Le chemin Haussé »

L’unité d’habitation du Néolithique ancien (VSG) de Fontenay-le-Marmion « Le Grand Champ » a été mise au jour lors d’une opération d’archéologie préventive du conseil général du Calvados. Ce site, en contexte de plateau, est localisé à une dizaine de kilomètres au sud de l’agglomération caennaise. Les structures de cet habitat sont difficilement identifiables sans une étude précise de la répartition spatiale du mobilier. Elles correspondent à trois fosses latérales d’habitation, deux fosses sud et une fosse nord ainsi qu’à quelques petites excavations interprétables comme les trous de poteaux d’une maison. Le mobilier provient presque exclusivement des fosses latérales d’habitation ; sans être abondant, il constitue un ensemble cohérent. Le matériel lithique en silex est le plus conséquent avec une production d’outils en silex principalement sur lame. Ce site a livré très peu de formes céramiques ; les pièces identifiées s’insèrent parfaitement dans les ensembles classiques de la culture VSG (grandes bouteilles, vases à profil en U ou à profil dit « en bombe »). Le macro-outillage en roche dure est également bien représenté. La fabrication de bracelet en schiste sur place est attestée par la présence de plusieurs pièces de la chaîne opératoire. L’étude tracéologique démontre également que deux grattoirs ont été utilisés pour travailler de la roche tendre, peut-être du schiste. L’étude des différents types de mobilier et une datation par le radiocarbone convergent pour placer cette occupation dans la phase moyenne du VSG ; entre le village rubané récent et VSG ancien de Colombelles (14) et la maison VSG à cordon de Mondeville (14).The early Neolithic habitation (VSG) at Fontenay-le-Marmion « Le Grand Champ », was brought to light during an excavation both funded and carried out by the conseil général du Calvados (Calvados departmental Council) prior to development. The site is situated on a plateau, approximately 10 km south of Caen. The features revealed are difficult to identify without precise spatial analysis of artefacts. They comprise three pits lateral to the habitation, two to the north and one to the south, with a few small cuts than can be interpreted as post holes. The artefacts, found almost exclusively in the lateral pits, make up a coherent – if not abundant – assemblage. Flint lithics are the most numerous with a production of mainly blade based tools. The site has yielded few pottery forms; the elements identified fit in perfectly with the classical assemblages of the VSG culture (large bottles, round based recipients or with spherical profiles). Hard stone macrotools are also well represented. The manufacture of schist bracelets in situ is attested by the presence of different elements of the production chain. Microwear analysis also shows that two scrapers have been used to work a soft stone, perhaps schist

Wafer-scale detachable monocrystalline Germanium nanomembranes for the growth of III-V materials and substrate reuse

Germanium (Ge) is increasingly used as a substrate for high-performance optoelectronic, photovoltaic, and electronic devices. These devices are usually grown on thick and rigid Ge substrates manufactured by classical wafering techniques. Nanomembranes (NMs) provide an alternative to this approach while offering wafer-scale lateral dimensions, weight reduction, limitation of waste, and cost effectiveness. Herein, we introduce the Porous germanium Efficient Epitaxial LayEr Release (PEELER) process, which consists of the fabrication of wafer-scale detachable monocrystalline Ge NMs on porous Ge (PGe) and substrate reuse. We demonstrate monocrystalline Ge NMs with surface roughness below 1 nm on top of nanoengineered void layer enabling layer detachment. Furthermore, these Ge NMs exhibit compatibility with the growth of III-V materials. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) characterization shows Ge NMs crystallinity and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) reciprocal space mapping endorses high-quality GaAs layers. Finally, we demonstrate the chemical reconditioning process of the Ge substrate, allowing its reuse, to produce multiple free-standing NMs from a single parent wafer. The PEELER process significantly reduces the consumption of Ge during the fabrication process which paves the way for a new generation of low-cost flexible optoelectronics devices.Comment: 17 pages and 6 figures along with 3 figures in supporting informatio

Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe

Update notice Author Correction: Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe (Nature, (2022), 608, 7922, (336-345), 10.1038/s41586-022-05010-7) Nature, Volume 609, Issue 7927, Pages E9, 15 September 2022In European and many African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian populations, lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over the past 10,000 years(1). Although the selection of LP and the consumption of prehistoric milk must be linked, considerable uncertainty remains concerning their spatiotemporal configuration and specific interactions(2,3). Here we provide detailed distributions of milk exploitation across Europe over the past 9,000 years using around 7,000 pottery fat residues from more than 550 archaeological sites. European milk use was widespread from the Neolithic period onwards but varied spatially and temporally in intensity. Notably, LP selection varying with levels of prehistoric milk exploitation is no better at explaining LP allele frequency trajectoriesthan uniform selection since the Neolithic period. In the UK Biobank(4,5) cohort of 500,000 contemporary Europeans, LP genotype was only weakly associated with milk consumption and did not show consistent associations with improved fitness or health indicators. This suggests that other reasons for the beneficial effects of LP should be considered for its rapid frequency increase. We propose that lactase non-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available but, under conditions of famine and/or increased pathogen exposure, this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitation-proxies for these drivers-provide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. These findings offer new perspectives on prehistoric milk exploitation and LP evolution.Peer reviewe

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Measurement of the Ratio of b Quark Production Cross Sections in Antiproton-Proton Collisions at 630 GeV and 1800 GeV

We report a measurement of the ratio of the bottom quark production cross section in antiproton-proton collisions at 630 GeV to 1800 GeV using bottom quarks with transverse momenta greater than 10.75 GeV identified through their semileptonic decays and long lifetimes. The measured ratio sigma(630)/sigma(1800) = 0.171 +/- .024 +/- .012 is in good agreement with next-to-leading order (NLO) quantum chromodynamics (QCD)

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe