Al borde de la literariedad: literatura y epistolaridad

In order to confront the issue of the literariness of letter-writing, which cannot be reduced to a question of style, the passage to literacy, made possible since ancient times by manuals of correspondence is first considered; then the illusion of non-fiction, hiding the tendence toward fictionality; and the tradition of the theory of the letter since Greece. As sign of the passage to literariness, the continuity of a literary genre, admitted by the writer, is examined. A few representative examples are singled out: the decision by Petrarch toward the middle of the XIVth century, to bring together a unitary collection of familiar epistles; Garcilaso's verse epistle in 1534, addressed to Boscan; the lettere volgari of Aretino after 1538; and the decisive take-off of the epistolary novel in 1669 with the Lettres portugaises of Guilleragues. In each case the specificity of the genre is seen as a manner of joining literature.Para afrontar el problema de la literariedad de la escritura epistolar, no reducida a una calidad de estilo, se considera primero el tránsito a la alfabetizacion (literacy) facilitado desde antiguo por los manuales de correspondencia; la ilusión de no-ficcionalidad que oculta el impulso de ficcionalidad; y la tradición de la teoría epistolar desde Grecia. Como signo del tránsito a la literariedad, se examina ante todo la continuidad del géncro literario, que el escritor admite. Unos ejemplos representativos se destacan: a mediados del siglo XIV, la decisión por parte de Petrarca de reunir una colección unitaria de epístolas familiares; la epístola en verso de Garcilaso a Boscán el año 1534; las lettere volgari del Aretino tras 1538; y el arranque decisivo de la novela epistolar en 1669 con las Lettres portugaises de Guilleragues. En cada caso se observa la especificidad genérica como modo de adscribirse a la lileratura

Perspectivas de la literatura comparada

This article, part of a journey through the history of Comparative Literature toshow the romantic roots of the desire to surpass cultural nationalism and the doubleroot of Comparative Literature: the zeal of synthesis and the internationalist spirit. Inthe presence of the romantic double-face of nationalism and internationalism urges anexamination of the theoretical-historical base and the validity of the idea of nationalcharacter, and for that there aren´t any unique solutions, Comparative Literature mustcombine a multiplicity of perspectives, avoiding methodic dogmatism and holloweclecticism. The two fundamental perspectives, whose characteristics and variants arediscussed in this article, are that which do not question the integrity of the nationalliteratures, and that which from the beginning organizes the works internationally,without taking into account linguistic borders.Este artículo parte de un recorrido por la historia de la Literatura Comparadapara mostrar la raigambre romántica del deseo de superación del nacionalismocultural y de la doble raíz de la Literatura Comparada: el afán de síntesis y el espírituinternacionalista. Ante la doble cara romántica de nacionalismo e internacionalismourge examinar la base histórico-teórica y la validez de la idea de carácter nacional, ypara ello no hay soluciones únicas, la Literatura Comparada debe conjugar unamultiplicidad de perspectivas, esquivando el dogmatismo metódico y el vanoeclecticismo. Las dos perspectivas fundamentales, cuyas características y variantes setratan en este artículo son la que no pone en tela de juicio la integridad de lasliteraturas nacionales, y la que desde un principio organiza las obrasinternacionalmente, sin tener en cuenta las fronteras lingüísticas

El salario mínimo en la industria ecuatoriana: debates precursores entre 1934 y 1935

El período de 1929 a 1935, en Ecuador, se desarrolla en un contexto de crisis económica con altos niveles de pobreza. Inicia con la aprobación de la Constitución de 1929, en el contexto de la Revolución Juliana, que incorporó a los salarios mínimos como parte de las garantías fundamentales de los derechos. Pero solo hacia el final, durante el gobierno de Velasco Ibarra (1934-1935), se encuentra el debate más profundo sobre el salario mínimo. Este trabajo analiza los procesos y posiciones de los actores legislativos y empresariales frente a los intentos de elaborar la legislación salarial en dicho gobierno. Se utilizan como fuentes las actas del Congreso Nacional y del Primer Congreso de Industriales. Se dialoga con el pensamiento liberal de Víctor E. Estrada y con pensadores conservadores. Finalmente, se incorporan las principales corrientes de pensamiento económico y una visión de la historia global que toma en cuenta el reordenamiento mundial de la primera mitad del siglo XX

Debates legislativos sobre el salario mínimo en Ecuador, 1934 – 1935

Esta tesis se concentra en los debates sobre el salario mínimo que se dieron en el Congreso, especialmente en la Cámara del Senado, entre agosto y noviembre de 1934. Presenta un contexto sobre cómo funcionaba la industria ecuatoriana antes del primer gobierno de Velasco Ibarra, especialmente en el Siglo XX, y los antecedentes más importantes para los debates reseñados sobre legislación laboral y salarial. La tesis es descriptiva sobre un tema y una época poco conocidos. En ella se indaga acerca de cuáles eran las posiciones de los actores, legisladores y empresarios frente a la elaboración de la legislación salarial en el sector industrial en la coyuntura de 1934- 1935, en medio de la crisis económica. Como punto de partida desarrolla el contexto económico del período (1929- 1934), enfatizando la industria en su trayectoria de las estructuras productivas regionales dentro de la diversificación de la economía. Luego, delinea el contexto político de permanente inestabilidad, con conflictos entre grupos de poder, y se explica los intentos de elaboración de legislación salarial durante el período. Finalmente, describe las posiciones de los legisladores en el Congreso de 1934-1935 y las de los actores industriales en el Primer Congreso de Industriales en Ambato en 1935. El método utilizado es el de una interpretación crítica de las fuentes escritas. Se aplicó técnicas de investigación cualitativas de observación documental basadas en publicaciones oficiales de la administración pública y de la Asamblea Nacional y actas de la Asamblea Nacional y del Primer Congreso de Industriales en el Ecuador

Clinical and epidemiological profile of cleft lip and palate patients in Peru, 2006 ? 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical-epidemiological profile of patients with cleft lip and / or palate in Peru from 2006 to 2019. This retrospective and cross-sectional study analyzed 3,923 patients with cleft lip and palate attende

SURFACE QUALITY OF PERUVIAN AMAZON WOODS SUBMITTED FOR PLANNING AND SANDING

The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of the machined surface of wood of Peruvian Amazonian species under industrial processing conditions. For this, planks of capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum), cachimbo (Cariniana domestica) and copaíba (Copaifera paupera) were obtained from which four specimens of each species were removed and selected. The specimens were previously conditioned and subsequently submitted to planing and sanding operations, considering three cutting orientations (tangential, radial and intermediate). Then, the quality of the flattened and sanded surfaces of the studied species was evaluated by measuring the surface roughness (Ra) by means of a digital needle detection roughness meter. The results indicated significant differences in wood surface quality among the species in the three evaluated cutting planes, and the capirona radial plane had better planing and sanding quality. Concomitantly, due to the operations performed, the capirona wood allowed a greater possibility for better finishing, followed by cachimbo and copaíba wood, thus being grouped in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd surface quality classes, respectively

Involvement of the 14-3-3 gene family in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: Genetics, transcriptomics and functional analyses

The 14-3-3 protein family are molecular chaperones involved in several biological functions and neurological diseases. We previously pinpointed YWHAZ (encoding 14-3-3ζ) as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through a whole-exome sequencing study, which identified a frameshift variant within the gene (c.659-660insT, p.L220Ffs*18). Here, we explored the contribution of the seven human 14-3-3 family members in ASD and other psychiatric disorders by investigating the: (i) functional impact of the 14-3-3ζ mutation p.L220Ffs*18 by assessing solubility, target binding and dimerization; (ii) contribution of common risk variants in 14-3-3 genes to ASD and additional psychiatric disorders; (iii) burden of rare variants in ASD and schizophrenia; and iv) 14-3-3 gene expression using ASD and schizophrenia transcriptomic data. We found that the mutant 14-3-3ζ protein had decreased solubility and lost its ability to form heterodimers and bind to its target tyrosine hydroxylase. Gene-based analyses using publicly available datasets revealed that common variants in YWHAE contribute to schizophrenia (p = 6.6 × 10-7), whereas ultra-rare variants were found enriched in ASD across the 14-3-3 genes (p = 0.017) and in schizophrenia for YWHAZ (meta-p = 0.017). Furthermore, expression of 14-3-3 genes was altered in post-mortem brains of ASD and schizophrenia patients. Our study supports a role for the 14-3-3 family in ASD and schizophrenia

A nationwide pilot study on breast cancer screening in Peru

"Introduction: A high prevalence of advanced breast cancer (BC) is a common scenario in Latin America. In Peru, the frequency of BC at Stages III/IV is ≈50% despite implementation of a programme for breast cancer screening (BCS) along the country. We carried out a study to assess the feasibility and develop an instrument to evaluate the knowledge, barriers and perception about BCS in a nationwide pilot study in Peru among candidates for BCS. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of 2,558 reports indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline-Ovid and EMBASE, regarding to our study theme. In total, 111 were selected and a 51-items survey was developed (eight items about sociodemographic characteristics). Patients were recruited in public hospitals or private clinics, in rural and urban areas of nine departments of Peru. Results: We surveyed 488 women from: Lima (150), Cajamarca (93), Ica (59), Arequipa (56), Loreto (48), Ancash (38), Junín (15), Puerto Maldonado (15) and Huancavelica (14); 27.9% of them were from rural areas. The mean of age was 53.3 years (standard deviation ± 9.1). Regarding education level, 29.8% had primary, 33.2% secondary and 37.0% higher education. In total, 28.7% of women did not know the term ‘mammogram’ and 47.1% reported never receiving a BCS (36.9% from urban and 73.5% from rural population). In women that underwent BCS, only 67% knew it is for healthy women. In total, 54.1% of patients had low levels of knowledge about risk factors for BC (i.e. 87.5% of women respond that injuries in the breast produce cancer). Cultural, economic and geographic barriers were significantly associated with having a mammogram where 56.9% of participants considered a cost ≤ 7 USD as appropriate. Mammogram was perceived as too painful for 54.9% of women. In addition, women with a self-perception of low-risk for BC and a fatalistic perception of cancer were less likely to have a BCS. Conclusion: We found that it is feasible to conduct a large-scale study in Peru. The results of this pilot study highlight an urgent need of extensive education and awareness about BCS in Peru.

El Plan Prebisch de 1955, los dilemas del desarrollo argentino y las controversias en torno a los legados económicos del peronismo

This article analyses the controversies surrounding the Prebisch Plan of 1955 and Peron’s economic legacy. The paper studies the responses of economists and politicians from four ideological traditions (left, nationalism, liberalism and Peronism) to Raul Prebisch’s diagnosis of the state of the Argentine economy. It examines prevailing economic ideas in the Fifties and the limited understanding of the dilemmas of a semi-industrialized economy. It is argued that these debates defined an agenda that would last until the rise of Arturo Frondizi’s developmentalism in the late 1950s and, at the same time, have a lasting influence on the historical interpretations of Peronist economics.Este artículo analiza las controversias en torno a los legados económicos del peronismo que estallaron a partir de la presentación del Plan Prebisch de 1955. El trabajo estudia las respuestas que brindaron economistas y políticos de cuatro tradiciones ideológicas distintas (izquierdas, nacionalismo, liberalismo y peronismo), a los diagnósticos realizados por Raúl Prebisch sobre el estado de la economía argentina. Se examinan las ideas económicas predominantes en los años cincuenta y los límites con que los actores comprendieron los dilemas que enfrentaba la Argentina como economía semi-industrializada. Se sostiene que estos debates definieron una agenda que perduraría hasta el ascenso del desarrollismo de Arturo Frondizi en 1958 y, al mismo tiempo, tuvieron una prolongada influencia en las interpretaciones historiográficas sobre la economía peronista