Uma análise de acessibilidade sob a ótica da eqüidade: o caso da região metropolitana de Belém, Brasil

Belém sofreu processo semelhante a diversas cidades brasileiras, com a expulsão de parte da população para áreas de expansão com carência de infra-estrutura viária e, em geral, prejudicadas em termos de acessibilidade. Considerando que este processo atingiu de forma desigual aos diferentes segmentos da população, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar como se dá a distribuição de acessibilidade ao transporte para indivíduos de diferentes classes de renda e, a partir daí, analisar estratégias para assegurar a eqüidade na sua distribuição na Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB). Com este fim, dois índices de acessibilidade foram calculados neste estudo a partir da aplicação de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas para transportes: um do tipo separação espacial média e outro do tipo gravitacional. Os valores de atratividade do último foram posteriormente alterados de forma a compor dois cenários de localização de pólos de comércio e serviços diferentes do atual. O estudo mostra que os cenários alternativos promoveram uma melhor distribuição da acessibilidade na RMB e que a seleção do melhor deles pode ser feita através de critérios de eqüidade. Demonstrou-se ainda que, após a seleção do melhor cenário, outros recursos do SIG podem ser utilizados para priorizar, também segundo a ótica da eqüidade, as zonas que ainda carecem de melhorias na acessibilidade.The growth process of Belém, similarly to what happened to other Brazilian cities, was characterized by the location of part of its population in areas with insufficient road infrastructure. Those were, in general, low accessibility areas. Considering that the impacts of the growth process were not evenly distributed to all population groups, the aim of this work is to evaluate the distribution patterns of transportation accessibility to different income groups in the Metropolitan Region of Belém. This is an important step towards the formulation of strategies to reestablish equity in the accessibility distribution. Two indexes have been used to estimate accessibility values in a Geographic Information System environment: a Mean Separation Index and a Gravity-type Index. The attractiveness values of the latter were then changed to create alternative scenarios in which the location of the retail and service areas was different from the current conditions. The results found in this study showed that: a) the alternative scenarios had a better transportation accessibility distribution than the present one; and b) the selection of the best alternative scenario could be based on equity criteria. Next, once again oriented by an equity criterion, other GIS tools were applied to select the areas in the chosen scenario in which transportation accessibility could be further improved

W-Nb-O oxides with tunable acid properties as efficient catalysts for the transformation of biomass-derived oxygenates in aqueous systems

[EN] W-Nb-O oxide bronzes, prepared hydrothermally, have been characterized and studied as catalysts for both the gas-phase dehydration of glycerol and the liquid-phase selective condensation of light oxygenates derived from primary treatments of biomass (a mixture containing acetic acid, ethanol, propanal, hydroxyacetone and water). By controlling the nominal composition of the catalysts, it is possible to tune their textural and acid properties (concentration and nature of acid sites) to selectively produce acrolein from glycerol or C-5-C-10 hydrocarbons (with low O contents and with high yields) from light oxygenates. Interestingly, these catalysts are stable when working in gas phase reactions and they are re-usable, with high resistance to leaching, when working in aqueous media.Financial support by the Spanish Government (CTQ-2015-68951-C3-1, CTQ-2015-67592, MAT2016-78362-C4-4-R and SEV-2016-0683) and Generalitat Valenciana (GVA, PROMETEO/2018/006) is gratefully acknowledged. A. F.-A. and D. D. thank the "La Caixa-Severo Ochoa" Foundation and Severo Ochoa Excellence Program (SVP-2016-0683), respectively, for their fellowships. The authors thank the ICTS Centro Nacional de Microscopia Electronica (UCM) for instrumental facilities.Delgado-Muñoz, D.; Fernández-Arroyo, A.; Domine, ME.; García-González, E.; López Nieto, JM. (2019). W-Nb-O oxides with tunable acid properties as efficient catalysts for the transformation of biomass-derived oxygenates in aqueous systems. Catalysis Science & Technology. 9(12):3126-3136. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cy00367cS31263136912Huber, G. W., Iborra, S., & Corma, A. (2006). Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass:  Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering. Chemical Reviews, 106(9), 4044-4098. doi:10.1021/cr068360dCorma, A., Iborra, S., & Velty, A. (2007). Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals. Chemical Reviews, 107(6), 2411-2502. doi:10.1021/cr050989dTuck, C. O., Perez, E., Horvath, I. T., Sheldon, R. A., & Poliakoff, M. (2012). Valorization of Biomass: Deriving More Value from Waste. Science, 337(6095), 695-699. doi:10.1126/science.1218930Alonso, D. M., Bond, J. Q., & Dumesic, J. A. (2010). Catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels. Green Chemistry, 12(9), 1493. doi:10.1039/c004654jHuber, G. W., & Corma, A. (2007). Synergies between Bio- and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46(38), 7184-7201. doi:10.1002/anie.200604504Lari, G. M., Pastore, G., Haus, M., Ding, Y., Papadokonstantakis, S., Mondelli, C., & Pérez-Ramírez, J. (2018). Environmental and economical perspectives of a glycerol biorefinery. Energy & Environmental Science, 11(5), 1012-1029. doi:10.1039/c7ee03116eSun, D., Yamada, Y., Sato, S., & Ueda, W. (2017). Glycerol as a potential renewable raw material for acrylic acid production. Green Chemistry, 19(14), 3186-3213. doi:10.1039/c7gc00358gCespi, D., Passarini, F., Mastragostino, G., Vassura, I., Larocca, S., Iaconi, A., … Cavani, F. (2015). Glycerol as feedstock in the synthesis of chemicals: a life cycle analysis for acrolein production. Green Chemistry, 17(1), 343-355. doi:10.1039/c4gc01497aKatryniok, B., Paul, S., Bellière-Baca, V., Rey, P., & Dumeignil, F. (2010). Glycerol dehydration to acrolein in the context of new uses of glycerol. Green Chemistry, 12(12), 2079. doi:10.1039/c0gc00307gVenderbosch, R., & Prins, W. (2010). Fast pyrolysis technology development. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 4(2), 178-208. doi:10.1002/bbb.205Graça, I., Lopes, J. M., Cerqueira, H. S., & Ribeiro, M. F. (2013). Bio-oils Upgrading for Second Generation Biofuels. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(1), 275-287. doi:10.1021/ie301714xAsadieraghi, M., Wan Daud, W. M. A., & Abbas, H. F. (2014). Model compound approach to design process and select catalysts for in-situ bio-oil upgrading. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 286-303. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.050Pinheiro, A., Hudebine, D., Dupassieux, N., & Geantet, C. (2009). Impact of Oxygenated Compounds from Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis Oils on Gas Oil Hydrotreatment. Energy & Fuels, 23(2), 1007-1014. doi:10.1021/ef800507zBui, V. N., Toussaint, G., Laurenti, D., Mirodatos, C., & Geantet, C. (2009). Co-processing of pyrolisis bio oils and gas oil for new generation of bio-fuels: Hydrodeoxygenation of guaïacol and SRGO mixed feed. Catalysis Today, 143(1-2), 172-178. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2008.11.024Wang, F., Dubois, J.-L., & Ueda, W. (2010). Catalytic performance of vanadium pyrophosphate oxides (VPO) in the oxidative dehydration of glycerol. Applied Catalysis A: General, 376(1-2), 25-32. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2009.11.031Foo, G. S., Wei, D., Sholl, D. S., & Sievers, C. (2014). Role of Lewis and Brønsted Acid Sites in the Dehydration of Glycerol over Niobia. ACS Catalysis, 4(9), 3180-3192. doi:10.1021/cs5006376Nogueira, F. G. E., Asencios, Y. J. O., Rodella, C. B., Porto, A. L. M., & Assaf, E. M. (2016). Alternative route for the synthesis of high surface-area η-Al2O3/Nb2O5 catalyst from aluminum waste. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 184, 23-30. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.08.032Massa, M., Andersson, A., Finocchio, E., & Busca, G. (2013). Gas-phase dehydration of glycerol to acrolein over Al2O3-, SiO2-, and TiO2-supported Nb- and W-oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 307, 170-184. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2013.07.022Massa, M., Andersson, A., Finocchio, E., Busca, G., Lenrick, F., & Wallenberg, L. R. (2013). Performance of ZrO 2 -supported Nb- and W-oxide in the gas-phase dehydration of glycerol to acrolein. Journal of Catalysis, 297, 93-109. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2012.09.021Dalil, M., Carnevali, D., Dubois, J.-L., & Patience, G. S. (2015). 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Catalysis Science & Technology, 7(1), 243-250. doi:10.1039/c6cy02198kLa Salvia, N., Delgado, D., Ruiz-Rodríguez, L., Nadji, L., Massó, A., & Nieto, J. M. L. (2017). V- and Nb-containing tungsten bronzes catalysts for the aerobic transformation of ethanol and glycerol. Bulk and supported materials. Catalysis Today, 296, 2-9. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2017.04.009Chieregato, A., Basile, F., Concepción, P., Guidetti, S., Liosi, G., Soriano, M. D., … Nieto, J. M. L. (2012). Glycerol oxidehydration into acrolein and acrylic acid over W–V–Nb–O bronzes with hexagonal structure. Catalysis Today, 197(1), 58-65. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2012.06.024Chieregato, A., Soriano, M. D., García-González, E., Puglia, G., Basile, F., Concepción, P., … Cavani, F. (2014). Multielement Crystalline and Pseudocrystalline Oxides as Efficient Catalysts for the Direct Transformation of Glycerol into Acrylic Acid. 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P., & Resasco, D. E. (2013). Ketonization of Carboxylic Acids: Mechanisms, Catalysts, and Implications for Biomass Conversion. ACS Catalysis, 3(11), 2456-2473. doi:10.1021/cs400501hFaba, L., Díaz, E., & Ordóñez, S. (2014). One-pot Aldol Condensation and Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass-derived Carbonyl Compounds for Biodiesel Synthesis. ChemSusChem, 7(10), 2816-2820. doi:10.1002/cssc.201402236Gaertner, C. A., Serrano-Ruiz, J. C., Braden, D. J., & Dumesic, J. A. (2009). Catalytic coupling of carboxylic acids by ketonization as a processing step in biomass conversion. Journal of Catalysis, 266(1), 71-78. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2009.05.015Gangadharan, A., Shen, M., Sooknoi, T., Resasco, D. E., & Mallinson, R. G. (2010). Condensation reactions of propanal over CexZr1−xO2 mixed oxide catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 385(1-2), 80-91. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2010.06.048Wang, S., & Iglesia, E. (2017). 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Pre-treatment and extraction techniques for recovery of added value compounds from wastes throughout the agri-food chain

The enormous quantity of food wastes discarded annually force to look for alternatives for this interesting feedstock. Thus, food bio-waste valorisation is one of the imperatives of the nowadays society. This review is the most comprehensive overview of currently existing technologies and processes in this field. It tackles classical and innovative physical, physico-chemical and chemical methods of food waste pre-treatment and extraction for recovery of added value compounds and detection by modern technologies and are an outcome of the COST Action EUBIS, TD1203 Food Waste Valorisation for Sustainable Chemicals, Materials and Fuels

Assessing equity in transportation accessibility distribution: the case of Belém Metropolitan Region

Belém sofreu processo semelhante a diversas cidades brasileiras, com a expulsão de parte da população para áreas de expansão com carência de infra-estrutura viária e, em geral, prejudicadas em termos de acessibilidade. Considerando que este processo atingiu de forma desigual aos diferentes segmentos da população, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar como se dá a distribuição de acessibilidade ao transporte para indivíduos de diferentes classes de renda e, a partir daí, analisar estratégias para assegurar a eqüidade na sua distribuição na Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB). Com este fim, dois índices de acessibilidade foram calculados neste estudo a partir da aplicação de um sistema de informações geográficas para transportes: um do tipo separação espacial média e outro do tipo gravitacional. Os valores de atratividade do índice do tipo gravitacional foram posteriormente alterados de forma a compor dois cenários de localização de pólos de comércio e serviços diferentes do atual. O estudo mostra que os cenários alternativos promoveram uma melhor distribuição da acessibilidade na RMB e que a seleção do melhor deles pode ser feita através de critérios de eqüidade. Além disto, demonstrou-se ainda que, após a seleção do melhor cenário, outros recursos do SIG podem ser utilizados para priorizar, também segundo a ótica da eqüidade, as zonas que ainda carecem de melhorias na acessibilidade aos transportes.The growth process of Belém, similarly to what happened to other Brazilian cities, was characterized by the location of part of its population in areas with insufficient road infrastructure. As a consequence, these were in general low accessibility areas. Considering that the impacts of the growth process were not evenly distributed to all population groups, the aim of this work is to evaluate the distribution patterns of transportation accessibility to different income groups in the Metropolitan Region of Belém. This is an important step towards the formulation of strategies to reestablish equity in the accessibility distribution. Two indexes have been used to estimate accessibility values in a geographic information system environment: a Mean Separation Index and a Gravity-type Index. The attractiveness values of the Gravity-type Index were subsequently changed to create alternative scenarios in which the location of the retail and service areas was different from the current conditions. The results found in this study showed that: a) the alternative scenarios had a better transportation accessibility distribution than the present one; and b) the selection of the best alternative scenario could be based on equity criteria. Next, once again oriented by an equity criterion, other GIS tools were applied to select the areas in the chosen scenario in which transportation accessibility could be further improved