Customer loads of two-wheeled vehicles

Customer usage profiles are the most unknown influences in vehicle design targets and they play an important role in durability analysis. This publication presents a customer load acquisition system for two-wheeled vehicles that utilises the vehicle's onboard signals. A road slope estimator was developed to reveal the unknown slope resistance force with the help of a linear Kalman filter. Furthermore, an automated mass estimator was developed to consider the correct vehicle loading. The mass estimation is performed by an extended Kalman filter. Finally, a model-based wheel force calculation was derived, which is based on the superposition of forces calculated from measured onboard signals. The calculated wheel forces were validated by measurements with wheel–load transducers through the comparison of rainflow matrices. The calculated wheel forces correspond with the measured wheel forces in terms of both quality and quantity. The proposed methods can be used to gather field data for improved vehicle design loads

Road classification for two-wheeled vehicles

This publication presents a three-part road classification system that utilises the vehicle's onboard signals of two-wheeled vehicles. First, a curve estimator was developed to identify and classify road curves. In addition, the curve estimator continuously classifies the road curviness. Second, the road slope was evaluated to determine the hilliness of a given road. Third, a modular road profile estimator has been developed to classify the road profile according to ISO 8608, which utilises the vehicle's transfer functions. The road profile estimator continuously classifies the driven road. The proposed methods for the classification of curviness, hilliness, and road roughness have been validated with measurements. The road classification system enables the collection of vehicle-independent field data of two-wheeled vehicles. The road properties are part of the customer usage profiles which are essential to define vehicle design targets

Mosaics from arbitrary stereo video sequences

lthough mosaics are well established as a compact and non-redundant representation of image sequences, their application still suffers from restrictions of the camera motion or has to deal with parallax errors. We present an approach that allows construction of mosaics from arbitrary motion of a head-mounted camera pair. As there are no parallax errors when creating mosaics from planar objects, our approach first decomposes the scene into planar sub-scenes from stereo vision and creates a mosaic for each plane individually. The power of the presented mosaicing technique is evaluated in an office scenario, including the analysis of the parallax error

Kollineare Laserspektroskopie an Calcium und Zinn an TRIGA-LASER und ISOLDE

Aus den optischen Spektren der Ionen und Atome lassen sich der Spin, die Änderung des Kernladungsradius, magnetische Dipolmomente sowie elektrische Quadrupolmomente extrahieren. Zur Untersuchung dieser Eigenschaften stellt die kollineare Laserspektroskopie eine besonders geeignete Methode dar, die universell einsetzbar und sehr effizient ist und zudem erlaubt, auch kurzlebige Teilchen mit Lebensdauern im Bereich von Millisekunden und Produktionsraten von wenigen hundert Teilchen pro Sekunde zu untersuchen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Kontrollsystem (TRITON) für die kollineare Laserspektroskopie LASPEC an FAIR entwickelt, welches einen verteilten Zugriff auf die verschiedenen Steuerelemente erlaubt und dadurch sehr flexibel ist. Entwickelt und erprobt wurde es am LASPEC Prototyp, dem TRIGA-LASER Experiment am Forschungsreaktor TRIGA Mainz. Unter Verwendung von TRITON wurden dort dann die Isotopieverschiebungen der stabilen Calciumisotope 40,42,44,48Ca im 4s1/2 -> 4p3/2- Übergang mit einer Genauigkeit gemessen, die die bisherigen Literaturwerte um etwa eine Größenordnung übertraf. Diese Daten waren Grundlage zur präzisen Bestimmung der Ladungsradien der Calciumisotope 49-52Ca aus Messungen am kollinearen Laserspektroskopieaufbau COLLAPS an ISOLDE/CERN. Des Weiteren wurden an COLLAPS Entwicklungsarbeiten für die Spektroskopie an 53,54Ca ausgeführt, bei denen TRITON ebenfalls zum Einsatz kam. Die Produktionsraten für 54Ca liegen bei etwa einem Ion pro Sekunde und ein optischer Nachweis ist nicht mehr möglich. Stattdessen wurde die Technik des optischen Pumpens mit nachfolgendem zustandsselektiven Ladungsaustausch und beta-Detektion einzelner Ionen an COLLAPS implementiert und erfolgreich an 52Ca demonstriert. Mit diesen Anwendungen wurde die Leistungsfähigkeit und Einsatzbereitschaft des LASPEC-Kontrollsystems für FAIR erfolgreich demonstriert. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde am COLLAPS Experiment Spektroskopie an den Zinnisotopen 109,112-134Sn durchgeführt. Dabei konnte die Genauigkeit mehrerer elektromagnetischer Momente im Bereich des N = 82 Schalenabschlusses mit einer zehnfach höheren Genauigkeit bestimmt werden als mit den früher durchgeführten Experimenten. Darüber hinaus konnten mit 133,134Sn erstmals zwei Isotope jenseits des Neutronenschalenabschlusses untersucht werden und damit der Verlauf der Ladungsradien über den Schalenabschluss hinweg etabliert werden. Ebenso wurde eine Reihe an bekannten Isomeren vermessen, namentlich die Isomere mit ungerader Neutronenzahl 113m,117m-131mSn, sowie die I = 7-Isomere 128mSn und 130mSn. Aus der gemessenen Isotopieverschiebung und der Hyperfeinstruktur konnten die Kernladungsradien, magnetischen Dipolmomente, elektrischen Quadrupolmomente und Isomerieverschiebungen bestimmt werden. Unterhalb des N = 82 Schalenabschlusses verlaufen die Ladungsradien analog zu denen des Elements Cadmium und können sehr gut mit dem Modell von Zamick und Talmi beschrieben werden. Der „Knick“ am Schalenabschluss ist stärker ausgeprägt als beim Element Tellur (Z = 52) und damit deutlich größer als von theoretischen Modellen erwartet. Auch die Evolution der elektrischen Quadrupolmomente der Isotope mit Valenzneutronen in der h11/2-Schale verläuft ähnlich linear wie bei Cadmium und entlang einer deutlich längeren Kette als für das Fassungsvermögen der h11/2 Schale erwartet. Auch für die Unterschiede im Ladungsradius zwischen den 11/2-Intruderzuständen und den Zuständen gewöhnlicher Parität ergeben sich ähnliche Verläufe. Die hier präsentierten vorläufigen Ergebnisse sollen in künftigen Strahlzeiten an COLLAPS an einem zusätzlichen Übergang noch weiter untermauert werden

Impact detection using a machine learning approach and experimental road roughness classification

First, this publication presents the experimental validation of a road roughness classification method. Second, an impact detection strategy for two-wheeled vehicles is proposed including a classification of service loads, mild special events, and severe special events. The methods presented utilise the vehicle’s onboard signals to gather field data. The modular road roughness classification system operates with the vehicle’s transfer functions, and continuously classifies the road profile, according to ISO 8608. The method was successfully validated on test tracks with known road profiles. The impact detection strategy was developed using a supervised machine learning technique. Six road obstacles were ridden over using different velocities to invoke mild and severe special events. The most popular classifiers were trained for comparison and prediction of future observations. The developed impact detection strategy shows a high accuracy and was successfully validated using a k-fold cross-validation. The combination of the road roughness classification system and the impact detection strategy, enables a holistic field data acquisition of customer usage profiles, in the context of durability engineering. The collection of customer usage profiles improves vehicle design targets and enables a virtual load acquisition

Improving Follow-Up Skeletal Survey Compliance in Suspected Nonaccidental Trauma Patients: What\u27s the FUSS About?

Introduction: Nonaccidental trauma (NAT) victims account for a significant percentage of our pediatric trauma population. The skeletal survey (SS) and follow-up skeletal survey (FUSS) are essential in the evaluation of selected NAT patients. We identified that our clinically indicated FUSS completion rate was suboptimal. We hypothesized that implementing an intervention of postdischarge follow-up in our pediatric surgery clinic would improve FUSS completion rates. Methods: A follow-up clinic for NAT patients was established in July 2013. A retrospective review was performed of all suspected NAT cases younger than 2 years old seen at Kentucky Children’s Hospital between November 2012 and February 2014. The study population was divided into pre (Group 1) and postintervention (Group 2). Bivariate analysis was performed. Results: Group 1 consisted of 50 patients (58% male; median age, 9 months). Forty-7 (94%) had an SS; fractures were identified in 37 (74%) patients. Only 20 patients (40%) had FUSS; of those, 4 had newly identified fractures. Group 2 consisted of 52 patients (54% male; median age, 7 months). All 52 children (100%) had an SS; fractures were identified in 35 (67%) patients. Forty-seven patients (90%) had FUSS. Of those, 6 had new radiographic findings. Thirty-five patients (67%) were seen in our clinic. This improvement in FUSS (40% versus 90%) was statistically significant, P \u3c 0.001. Conclusion: The decision to follow NAT patients in our clinic had significantly increased our rates of FUSS completion. This additional clinic follow-up also provided more evidence for NAT evaluation

Saccadic intrusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

The attempt to steadily fixate at a small visual object is continuously interrupted by a variety of fixational eye movements comprising, among others, a continuum of saccadic intrusions (SI) which ranges in size from microsaccades with amplitudes ≤0.25° to larger refixation saccades of up to about 2°. The size and frequency of SI varies considerably among individuals and is known to increase in neurodegenerative diseases such as neurodegenerative parkinsonism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, studies of ALS disagree whether also the frequency of SI increases. We undertook an analysis of SI in 119 ALS patients and 47 age-matched healthy controls whose eye movements during fixation and tests of executive functions (e.g antisaccades) had been recorded by video-oculography according to standardised procedures. SI were categorised according to their spatio-temporal patterns as stair case, back-and-forth and square wave jerks (a subcategory of back-and-forth). The SI of patients and controls were qualitatively similar (same direction preferences, similar differences between patterns), but were enlarged in ALS. Notably however, no increase of SI frequency could be demonstrated. Yet, there were clear correlations with parameters such as eye blink rate or errors in a delayed saccade task that suggest an impairment of inhibitory mechanisms, in keeping with the notion of a frontal dysfunction in ALS. However, it remains unclear how the impairment of inhibitory mechanisms in ALS could selectively increase the amplitude of intrusions without changing their frequency of occurrence

Structural trends in atomic nuclei from laser spectroscopy of tin

Tin is the chemical element with the largest number of stable isotopes. Its complete proton shell, comparable with the closed electron shells in the chemically inert noble gases, is not a mere precursor to extended stability; since the protons carry the nuclear charge, their spatial arrangement also drives the nuclear electromagnetism. We report high-precision measurements of the electromagnetic moments and isomeric differences in charge radii between the lowest 1/2(+), 3/2(+), and 11/2(-) states in Sn117-131, obtained by collinear laser spectroscopy. Supported by state-of-the-art atomic-structure calculations, the data accurately show a considerable attenuation of the quadrupole moments in the closed-shell tin isotopes relative to those of cadmium, with two protons less. Linear and quadratic mass-dependent trends are observed. While microscopic density functional theory explains the global behaviour of the measured quantities, interpretation of the local patterns demands higher-fidelity modelling. Measurements of the hyperfine structure of chemical elements isotopes provide unique insight into the atomic nucleus in a nuclear model-independent way. The authors present collinear laser spectroscopy data obtained at the CERN ISOLDE and measure hyperfine splitting along a long chain of odd-mass tin isotopes.Peer reviewe

Nuclear charge radii of ⁶²⁻⁸⁰Zn and their dependence on cross-shell proton excitations

Nuclear charge radii of ⁶²⁻⁸⁰Zn have been determined using collinear laser spectroscopy of bunched ion beams at CERN-ISOLDE. The subtle variations of observed charge radii, both within one isotope and along the full range of neutron numbers, are found to be well described in terms of the proton excitations across the Z = 28 shell gap, as predicted by large-scale shell model calculations. It comprehensively explains the changes in isomer-to-ground state mean square charge radii of ⁶⁹⁻⁷⁹Zn, the inversion of the odd-even staggering around N = 40 and the odd-even staggering systematics of the Zn charge radii. With two protons above Z = 28, the observed charge radii of the Zn isotopic chain show a cumulative effect of different aspects of nuclear structure including single particle structure, shell closure, correlations and deformations near the proposed doubly magic nuclei, ⁶⁸Ni and ⁷⁸Ni

10Kin1day: A Bottom-Up Neuroimaging Initiative.

We organized 10Kin1day, a pop-up scientific event with the goal to bring together neuroimaging groups from around the world to jointly analyze 10,000+ existing MRI connectivity datasets during a 3-day workshop. In this report, we describe the motivation and principles of 10Kin1day, together with a public release of 8,000+ MRI connectome maps of the human brain